Waste Biomass Utilization for the Production of Adsorbent and Value-Added Products for Investigation of the Resultant Adsorption and Methanol Electro-Oxidation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Cuttlebone Characterization
2.1.1. Morphological Analysis
2.1.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.1.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.1.4. FTIR Analysis
2.1.5. Textural Properties
2.1.6. Zeta Potential
2.2. Adsorption Study
2.2.1. Effect of pH and Dose
2.2.2. Adsorption Equilibrium Study
2.2.3. Adsorption Kinetics Study
2.2.4. Adsorption Mechanism
2.2.5. Reuse Study
2.3. Methanol Electrochemical Oxidation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Cuttlebone Collection
3.2. Cuttlebone Thermal Treatment
3.3. Material Characterization
3.4. Adsorption Study
3.5. Electrochemical Methanol Oxidation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isotherm Models | Equation | Model Parameters | Values (RH) | R2 | Values (CV) | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two-parameter isotherms | |||||||
Langmuir | qmax (mg/g) | Parameter that reflects monolayer formation | 519.029 | 0.990 | 921.12 | 0.997 | |
KL (L/mg) | Adsorption equilibrium constant | 0.31 | 0.12 | ||||
Freundlich | qe = Kf Ce1/nf | Kf (L/g) | A constant of relative adsorption capacity | 121.169 | 0.986 | 111.05 | 0.990 |
1/nf (−) | Constant for surface heterogeneity | 0.68 | 0.65 | ||||
Dubinin–Radushkevich | qe = (qm) exp (−Kad ε2) ε = RT (1 + (1/Ce)) | qm (mg/g) | Theoretical adsorption capacity | 420.53 | 0.954 | 662.42 | 0.958 |
Kad (mol2/KJ2) | Constant related to adsorption energy | 0.00036 | 0.00064 | ||||
Three-parameter isotherms | |||||||
Langmuir–Freundlich | qmax (mg/g) | Max. adsorption capacity | 262.99 | 0.977 | 864.99 | 0.976 | |
KLF (L/mg) | Equilibrium constant | 0.918 | 0.13 | ||||
βLF (-) | Heterogeneity parameter | 2.32 | 1.05 | ||||
Sips | qmax (mg/g) | Maximum adsorption capacity | 262.99 | 0.977 | 844.08 | 0.975 | |
Ks | Equilibrium constant (L/mg) | 0.819 | 0.123 | ||||
ns (-) | Sips’ model exponent | 2.32 | 1.06 | ||||
Redlich–Peterson | qmax (L/mg) | Redlich isotherm constant | 123.47 | 0.955 | 87.18 | 0.976 | |
Ks (mg/g) | Isotherm constant | 0.0279 | 0.022 | ||||
βs (-) | Isotherm constant | 2.68 | 1.54 | ||||
Khan | Isotherm constant | 95.81 | 0.997 | 1356.97 | 0.977 | ||
Isotherm constant | 0.01 | 0.08 | |||||
Isotherm constant | 1.27 | 1.35 | |||||
Toth | Ke (mol·L/mg2) | Max. adsorption capacity | 331.04 | 0.994 | 134.28 | 0.976 | |
KL (L/mg) | Equilibrium constant | 0.028 | 0.022 | ||||
n (-) | Model exponent | 2.68 | 1.54 | ||||
Higher-parameter isotherms | |||||||
Baudu | qmax (mg/g) | Baudu max. adsorption capacity | 132.31 | 0.992 | 11.047 | 0.963 | |
bo (-) | Equilibrium constant | 147,707.54 | 179,116.46 | ||||
X (-) | Baudu parameter | 0.58 | 0.649 | ||||
Y (-) | Baudu parameter | 14.67 | 1.53 | ||||
Fritz–Schlunder | Fritz–Schlunder maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) | 5.23 | 0.998 | 249.02 | 0.979 | ||
Model parameter | 0.092 | 0.379 | |||||
Model parameter | 0.011 | 0.000163 | |||||
Model parameter | 1.299 | 0.8 | |||||
Model parameter | 1.26 | 3.09 |
Kinetics Model | Kinetics Model Equation | Parameter | Values for (RH) | Values for (CV) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order | ) qe is the adsorption capacity at equilibrium, k1 is the pseudo-first-order rate constant (mg/g) | K1 (min−1) qe R2 | 1.86 20.44 0.95 | 1.86 39.74 0.96 |
Pseudo-second-order | k2: pseudo-second-order rate constant (g/(mg·min)) | K2 qe (mg/g) R2 | 1.03 20.47 0.94 | 1.03 40.27 0.95 |
Mixed first- and second-order | f2: mixed 1st- and 2nd-order coefficient (g/(mg·min)) k: adsorption rate constant (min−1) | K qe (mg/g) f2 R2 | 0.097 20.06 0.105 0.92 | 0.159 40.74 0 0.99 |
Avrami model | kav: Avrami model rate constant nav: model’s component half-life = | Kav (min−1) nav (-) qe (mg/g) R2 | 5.78 5.47 20.03 0.99 | 0.41 0.387 40.74 0.99 |
Material | Qmax. for RH (mg/g) | Reference | Material | Qmax. for CV (mg/g) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activated carbon | 2.5–1200 | [97] | |||
CCB | 519.029 | This work | CCB | 921.12 | This work |
Nanoporous polymers | 260.42 | [98] | Bentonite—alginate | 601.9 | [81] |
Gelatin/activated carbon | 256.41 | [99] | Royal palm leaf sheath | 454.54 | [100] |
Seeds of Aleurites Moluccana | 178 | [101] | Coconut husk powder | 454.54 | [102] |
NiO nanoparticles | 111 | [103] | Khulays bentonite | 263 | [104] |
Magnetic lignosulfonate | 57.14 | [105] | Magnetic nanoadsorbent | 166.6 | [106] |
Modified Volvariella volvacea | 33.51 | [107] | Citrus limetta peel | 81.48 | [108] |
Material | Methanol Concentration (M) | Current Density (mA/cm2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
CCB | 3 | 50 | This work |
ZnMgFe LDH/ceftriaxone sodium | 3 | 47.00 | [110] |
ZnCoFe LDH/oxytetracycline | 1 | 20.00 | [111] |
ZnCoFe LDH/methylene blue | 3 | 12.61 | [82] |
CoNiZnFe LDH/methyl orange | 3 | 8.40 | [109] |
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Mohamed, H.; Enaiet Allah, A.; Essam, D.; Farghali, A.A.; Allam, A.A.; Othman, S.I.; Abdelwahab, A.; Mahmoud, R. Waste Biomass Utilization for the Production of Adsorbent and Value-Added Products for Investigation of the Resultant Adsorption and Methanol Electro-Oxidation. Catalysts 2024, 14, 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090574
Mohamed H, Enaiet Allah A, Essam D, Farghali AA, Allam AA, Othman SI, Abdelwahab A, Mahmoud R. Waste Biomass Utilization for the Production of Adsorbent and Value-Added Products for Investigation of the Resultant Adsorption and Methanol Electro-Oxidation. Catalysts. 2024; 14(9):574. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090574
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Hala, Abeer Enaiet Allah, Doaa Essam, Ahmed A. Farghali, Ahmed A. Allam, Sarah I. Othman, Abdalla Abdelwahab, and Rehab Mahmoud. 2024. "Waste Biomass Utilization for the Production of Adsorbent and Value-Added Products for Investigation of the Resultant Adsorption and Methanol Electro-Oxidation" Catalysts 14, no. 9: 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090574