Highly Selective pH-Dependent Ozonation of Cyclohexane over Mn/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts at Ambient Reaction Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Catalysts Characterisation
2.1.1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
2.1.2. X-Ray Diffraction
2.1.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.1.4. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.1.5. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and Energy Dispersed X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy
2.1.6. Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) Surface Area
2.2. Characterisation of the Reaction Mixture
2.3. Oxidation of Cyclohexane
2.3.1. Percentage Conversion
2.3.2. Percentage Selectivity
2.3.3. The Effects of the pH
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Catalyst Preparation
3.2. Catalyst Characterisation
3.3. Oxidation of Cyclohexane
3.4. Reaction Products Characterisation
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Theoretical Mn wt % | ICP Mn wt % | EDX Mn wt% * |
---|---|---|---|
2.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 2.50 | 2.48 | 2.33 |
5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 5.00 | 5.39 | 5.9 |
7.5 % Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 7.50 | 7.46 | 7.57 |
10% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 10.0 | 9.18 | 10.23 |
12.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 12.5 | 12.48 | 12.42 |
15% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 15.0 | 14.94 | 15.64 |
Catalysts | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Pore Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
γ-Al2O3 | 295.0 | - | - |
2.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 167.6 | 0.3827 | 9.13 |
7.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 107.8 | 0.3022 | 11.21 |
Catalyst | Reaction Time | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyclohexanol | Cyclohexanone | |||||||||
pH 3 | pH 7 | pH 11 | pH 3 | pH 7 | pH 11 | pH 3 | pH 7 | pH 11 | ||
Blank ozonation | 30 min | 3 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 91 | 88 | 86 |
1 h | 9 | 12 | 16 | ----- | ----- | 2 | 100 | 100 | 98 | |
γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 7 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 92 | 90 | 89 |
1 h | 11 | 13 | 19 | ----- | ----- | 6 | 100 | 100 | 94 | |
2.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 9 | 15 | 17 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 94 | 93 | 95 |
1 h | 23 | 29 | 28 | ----- | ----- | 3 | 100 | 100 | 97 | |
5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 7 | 11 | 23 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 86 | 92 | 93 |
1 h | 19 | 21 | 31 | ----- | ----- | 7 | 100 | 100 | 93 | |
7.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 9 | 8 | 19 | 7 | 13 | 13 | 93 | 87 | 87 |
1 h | 17 | 19 | 28 | ----- | ----- | 5 | 100 | 100 | 95 | |
10% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 6 | 9 | 16 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 92 | 90 | 94 |
1 h | 14 | 18 | 24 | ----- | ----- | 2 | 100 | 100 | 98 | |
12.5% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 8 | 11 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 98 | 94 | 91 |
1 h | 12 | 18 | 20 | ----- | ----- | 8 | 100 | 100 | 92 | |
15% Mn/γ-Al2O3 | 30 min | 5 | 7 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 88 | 92 | 89 |
1 h | 11 | 14 | 17 | ----- | ----- | 4 | 100 | 100 | 96 |
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Mkhondwane, S.T.; Pullabhotla, V.S.R. Highly Selective pH-Dependent Ozonation of Cyclohexane over Mn/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts at Ambient Reaction Conditions. Catalysts 2019, 9, 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110958
Mkhondwane ST, Pullabhotla VSR. Highly Selective pH-Dependent Ozonation of Cyclohexane over Mn/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts at Ambient Reaction Conditions. Catalysts. 2019; 9(11):958. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110958
Chicago/Turabian StyleMkhondwane, Siphumelele Thandokwazi, and Viswanadha Srirama Rajasekhar Pullabhotla. 2019. "Highly Selective pH-Dependent Ozonation of Cyclohexane over Mn/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts at Ambient Reaction Conditions" Catalysts 9, no. 11: 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110958