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Communication

Cu Modified Pt Nanoflowers with Preferential (100) Surfaces for Selective Electroreduction of Nitrate

by
Ting Chen
1,*,
Yuxuan Li
1,
Luyan Li
1,
Yanjie Zhao
1,
Shuhua Shi
1,
Rongyan Jiang
2 and
Houyi Ma
3,*
1
School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
2
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
3
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2019, 9(6), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9060536
Submission received: 10 May 2019 / Revised: 13 June 2019 / Accepted: 13 June 2019 / Published: 15 June 2019
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Abstract

:
Improving surface selectivity and maximizing electrode surface area are critical needs for the electroreduction of nitrate. Herein, preferential (100) oriented Pt nanoflowers with an extended surface area were prepared by potentiostatic deposition on carbon cloth (Pt NFs/CC), and then Cu atoms were adsorbed on the Pt NFs (Cu/Pt NFs/CC) for application of nitrate electroreduction. The results reveal that Cu/Pt NFs/CC with 8.7% Cu coverage exhibits a high selectivity for nitrate electroreduction to N2 following two steps: Nitrate firstly converts into nitrite on Cu sites adsorbed on Pt NFs, then nitrite subsequently selective reduction and ammonia oxidation to N2 occur on the large exposed (100) terraces in Pt NFs. In addition, electrocatalytic activity and selectivity of nitrate reduction strongly rely on the Cu surface coverage on Pt NFs, the lower activity of nitrate reduction is displayed with increase of Cu coverage. Accordingly, the selective reduction of nitrate to N2 is feasible at such nanostructured Pt nanoflowers modified with Cu.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Nitrate, as an environmental pollutant, can cause the eutrophication of water bodies and some detrimental effects on water quality. Especially in drinking water, excessive nitrate can transform into the toxic nitrite which can sicken the human through methemoglobinemia and cancer [1,2]. Nitrate reduction is a significant process in the part of the nitrogen cycle because of its applications in nitrate removal, and the desired and targeted end-product is harmless nitrogen gas (N2). Since nitrate can be reduced to N2 via denitrifying bacteria, the rate of this process is sluggish [3]. Therefore, developing other techniques for removing nitrate and achieving the selective conversion of nitrate to N2 is necessary. Electrochemical denitrification is not only an environmentally friendly approach but also an effective and promising method due to its relatively low investment costs and high product selectivity of nitrate reduction by using diverse electrocatalysts.
According to the mechanisms and main pathways during electroreduction of nitrate, the rate-determining step is the conversion to nitrite, and the following nitrite reduction is a selective step where the kinetics and products are strongly dependent on the electrode materials, pH, and electrode geometry [4]. It’s worth noting that three routes have been presented for selective reduction of nitrite to N2 via the intermediates N(ads), N2O(ads), and NHx-NO(ads) respectively [5,6,7,8]. However, the mechanism of combination of two adsorbed nitrogen atoms to generate N2 is not well-founded, and the formation of N2 through the reduction of N2O(ads) is also challenging because of the high solubility of N2O [9]. Therefore, the NHx(ads) + NO(ads) route which has the potential to generate 100% N2 is especially remarkable and important although the highly selective activity is only achieved on the quasi-perfect Pt(100) surface in alkaline media. Unfortunately, Pt(100) surface is inactive for the rate-determining step at alkaline pH values [10]. Therefore, the design of a bimetallic electrocatalyst based on Pt(100) by introducing a “promoter” which can accelerate the nitrate reduction is an effective strategy for the selective reduction of nitrate to N2.
Bimetallic electrocatalysts based on Pt(100) have long been investigated for nitrate reduction in acid and neutral solutions, showing NH3 and N2O as the major final products [11,12,13,14,15,16]. However, for selecting N2 as the main product, the study of alkaline solutions is essential for nitrate reduction on such a catalyst which would make use of Pt(100). In alkaline media, Pd/Pt(100) [17] electrode showed higher electrocatalytic activity for nitrate reduction, but leading no N2 as the product. In addition, compared with the Cu/Pt(100) and Rh/Pt(100) electrodes [18], the process of selectively reducing nitrate to N2 was proved effective by decorating a fractional Cu monolayer on Pt(100) signal crystal electrode. Indeed, Cu and Rh were identified as the most active catalysts under alkaline media [19,20], which act as “promoters” for conversion nitrate to nitrite. However, the preferential adsorption of intermediate nitrite between the surface of promoter metal and Pt(100) would be the critical factor for reducing nitrate towards N2. Accordingly, the bimetallic system based on Pt(100) would require (i) the Pt(100) with extended surface areas that could both anchor the promoter metal atoms and expose enough (100) surface sites for adsorbing the nitrite and (ii) the appropriate coverage of the promoter metal that could achieve selective reduction to N2. Considering above, Pt nanostructured materials with a preferential (100) orientation [21,22,23,24] are more favorable for nitrate reduction and highly specific for the N2 selective formation by decorating a promoter metal, such as the low-cost copper.
In this paper, Cu modified Pt nanflowers with preferential (100) surfaces grew on carbon cloth substrate (Cu/Pt NFs/CC) by the two-step electrochemical deposition process, which can be directly used as the electrode for electroreduction of nitrate in alkaline media. The bimetallic system which combines Pt NFs and less Cu atoms (~8.7% Cu) could follow the two-step mechanism (nitrate reduction to nitrite on Cu and nitrite conversion to N2 on (100) sites in Pt NFs) to convert the harmful nitrate to harmless N2. On the contrary, the selective step for the generation of N2 would be hindered by increasing the coverage of Cu, leading to a lower activity for nitrate reduction.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Characterizations of Pt NFs/CC and Cu/Pt NFs/CC

Pt NFs with preferential (100) surfaces were electrodeposited on carbon cloth (1 × 1 cm2) via the potentiostatic deposition in 0.5 M H2SO4 containing 2 mM H2PtCl6 at the potential of −0.1 V without any capping polymer. In this process, hydrogen, which is generated on the carbon cloth at −0.1 V, could reduce Pt cations and result in the formation of Pt nanoflowers with highly (100) oriented surfaces [25]. Figure 1A–D show the different magnification SEM images of Pt deposits on the carbon cloth. Figure 1A shows a large-scale SEM image of the carbon cloth after Pt electrodeposition, while the enlarged SEM image (Figure 1B) reveals that the carbon fibers are fully covered with the Pt deposited layer. Figure 1C further indicates that the unique surface state arises from assembling of Pt nanospheres wrapped around each carbon fiber, and the corresponding energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) mapping image (inset of Figure 1C) shows the uniform distribution of Pt on each carbon fiber. As shown in a high-magnification SEM image (Figure 1D), the Pt nanosphere has a flower-like structure which is composed of numerous nanosheets, and the size of an individual Pt NF is approximately 700 nm. The TEM image shown in Figure 1E further verifies that the Pt NFs are assembled with plenty of extremely thin nanosheets with the well-defined edges but the thickness can’t be estimated from the TEM image. Figure 1F,G show the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images of the Pt NFs chosen at random, the observed lattice fringes correspond to the (111) and (200) planes of Pt based on the interplanar distance measurement (0.226 nm and 0.195 nm). Although the presence (111) faces in HRTEM observation, the typical cyclic voltammogram, as shown in Figure 1H, confirms that the exposed active surface of the Pt NFs is predominantly Pt(100) which can be ascribed to the (100) step sites at the peak of 0.28 V and (100) terraces with a wide shoulder located at 0.35 V [26]. According to the aforementioned characterizations and compared with other three-dimensional platinum nanostructures reported recently [13,23], the as-prepared Pt NFs/CC is more suitable for investigating the nitrate reduction since (i) the flower-like structure with numerous nanosheets would give rise to the surface areas and facilitate estimating the current density of the products obtained from nitrate reduction; (ii) the boarder exposed Pt(100) steps and terraces should provide enough sites for decorating a “promoter” metal for the conversion of nitrate to nitrite and subsequently contribute to selective reducing nitrite to N2 in alkaline solutions.
Cu/Pt NFs/CC was prepared by carrying out the potentiostatic deposition at 0.65 V after transferring the Pt NFs/CC electrode into the Cu2+ containing electrolyte. Figure 2A demonstrates that the morphology of Pt NFs is obviously unchanged after Cu modification, but the corresponding EDS map (Figure 2B) shows that Pt and Cu atoms are both uniformly dispersive in the Pt/Cu deposited layers. The composition and chemical states of Pt and Cu elements in Cu/Pt NFs/CC were further examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Compared with the Pt NFs/CC, Cu element can be clearly observed in the wide survey spectrum of Cu/Pt NFs/CC, which is shown in Figure S1. The Pt 4f spectra (Figure 2C) display that Pt 4f region in the Cu/Pt NFs/CC and Pt NFs/CC can be divided into two pairs of doublets. For Pt NFs/CC, two Pt 4f peaks were located at 71.3 and 74.7 eV, which can be assigned to the Pt 4f 7/2 and Pt 4f 5/2 of metallic Pt(0), respectively. The weaker doublet at 72.1 and 75.6 eV can be assigned to less Pt(II) in the surface of the sample. Compared with Pt NFs/CC, the Pt 4f 7/2 and Pt 4f 5/2 peaks of Cu/Pt NFs/CC both shift to lower binding energies (71.1 and 74.5 eV), which confirms the electron interactions involving Pt and Cu in Cu/Pt NFs/CC. The Cu 2p spectrum (Figure 2D) shows that most of Cu is in the form of metallic Cu(0) (932.1 and 952 eV), but a signal from Cu(II) (934.4 and 954.7 eV) also exists. Based on the XPS results, Pt and Cu are mainly in zero valence on the surface of Cu/Pt NFs/CC, which is beneficial for the improvement of catalytic activity. However, the presence of Cu(II) which ascribed to the oxidation of surface Cu atoms in the air must be avoided by holding potential and fast transferring of the electrode in the experiment.

2.2. Assessment of Cu Sites and Coverage on Cu/Pt NFs/CC

CV for Pt NFs/CC in 0.5 M H2SO4 shows the typical hydrogen adsorption and desorption features for preferentially (100) oriented Pt surfaces. From the dash line in Figure 3A, peak 1 at ca. 0.14 V related to (110) step sites, peak 2 at ca. 0.28 V ascribed to (100) step sites, peak 3 at ca. 0.35 V attributed to (100) terraces and peak 4 at ca. 0.5 V related to the adsorption of (bi-) sulfates on (111) terraces [26,27]. In presence of 2 mM Cu2+ (solid curve in Figure 3A), three peaks are visible in the positive-going sweep besides peak 1 and 2: An impressive shoulder centered around 0.5 V is likely attributed to the Cu atoms adsorbed on Pt(110) sites [28], the sharper peak at 0.67 V is corresponding to the Cu atoms on Pt(100) step sites [29], and the peak at 0.75 V is ascribed to the Cu stripping from Pt(100) terraces [30]. In the negative-going sweep, there are two wide shoulders associated with the UPD (under potential deposition) of Cu at the potential region of 0.8–0.4 V. Interestingly, no obvious signals for the bulk deposition of Cu between 0.4 V and 0.2 V, which may be affected with the diffusion of Cu2+ in such a flower-like structure of Pt.
Cu stripping curve of Cu/Pt NFs/CC in 0.5 M H2SO4 was measured to assess the active surface sites and coverage of Cu on Pt NFs. From the red curve in Figure 3B, the depressed hydrogen desorption peaks (peak 1, 2, and 3) and two stripping peaks (at 0.67 V and 0.75 V) related to Cu atoms desorption from Pt(100) steps and terraces exist in the positive-going sweep of CV. Interestingly, no trace for Cu desorption from Pt(111) and the consistent current density of peak 4 can be ascribed to the priority nucleation and growth of Cu on the surface of Pt(100) [31]. Meanwhile, Cu preferential adsorption on the (100) terraces, the current density of Cu stripping from the (100) terrace is higher than that from the steps, conducing to the higher activity for nitrate transition to nitrite [24]. The slight diminution of the hydrogen desorption states and the overlapping (bi-) sulfate adsorption compared with Pt NFs/CC (black curve in Figure 3B) correspond to the low Cu coverage on the surface of Cu/Pt NFs/CC. Cu coverage was calculated from the H desorption charge and Cu stripping charge by integrating the shaded areas depicted in Figure 3B [24]. As a result, Cu/Pt NFs/CC with the coverage of ca. 8.7% not only provide the Cu active sites for the transition of nitrate to nitrite but also expose large Pt(100) surfaces for the nitrite selective reduction.

2.3. Nitrate Reduction on Cu/Pt NFs/CC

Figure 4A compares the reduction of nitrite and nitrate on the Pt NFs/CC electrode in 0.1 M NaOH. Clearly, a rather distinct shape of CV for nitrite reduction can be observed compared to the nitrate reduction. The reduction peaks at the potential below 0.2 V can be assigned to nitrite reduction at (110) step sites of Pt NFs [21]. Remarkably, three features could indicate the presence of well-ordered (100) facets in Pt NFs, which are the large reduction peaks corresponding to the nitrite conversion to ammonia at 0.2–0.5 V (R1), the broad peak for the ammonia oxidation to N2 at 0.55–0.8 V (O1), and the small reduction peak at ca. 0.56 V (R2) ascribed to the N2 evolution [8,18]. The presence of N2 evolution peak is strong evidence of the existence of broad (100) terraces in Pt NFs [21]. On the contrary, Pt NFs/CC is inactive for the nitrate reduction in alkaline solution [32,33] which can be deduced from the featureless voltammogram between 0 and 0.85 V. However, as shown in Figure 4B, significant catalytic activities towards nitrate are displayed on Cu/Pt NFs/CC. In the first negative-going sweep from 0.2 V, a reduction peak at ca. 0.1 V corresponding to nitrate reduction to nitrite on Cu sites deposited on Pt NFs, Cu adsorbed on Pt(100) sites is more active for nitrate reduction because of the easier adsorption of nitrate and subsequent electron transfer to form nitrite [34,35]. In the next cycle, the observation of peaks of R1, O1 and R2 indicates that the following nitrite reduction is catalyzed on the Pt(100) surfaces. Meanwhile, the decrements of current densities of peaks of R1, O1 and R2 are caused by the nitrate reduction peak with the increase of cycle numbers, proving that all the observed catalytic features are deduced from the nitrate reduction on the Cu/Pt NFs/CC. Surprisingly, nitrate selective reduction to N2 is exhibited on Cu/Pt NFs/CC with the presence of peak R2, which means that large Pt(100) terraces are exposed on the Cu/Pt NFs/CC with low Cu coverage. On the contrary, nitrate reduction mainly occurs on the Cu surfaces with increase of Cu coverage on Pt NFs, leading to lower activity for nitrate reduction and no N2 selective behavior. See results in Figure S2.
The activity and selectivity of nitrate reduction on Cu/Pt NFs/CC were further assessed by determination of the concentration of various products after 90 min of electrocatalysis. As shown in Figure 5A, a concentration of NO3−-N removal (63 mg L−1) confirms that Cu atoms covered on Pt NFs are active for nitrate to nitrite conversion. The detected concentration of NO2−-N and NH3-N is 0.02 mg L−1 and 16 mg L−1, which indicates the total reduction of nitrite and oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen containing gaseous compounds (gaseous compounds-N is 43 mg L−1). Though other gaseous products such as NO2, NO, and N2O may also generate during the reaction [36,37], the main gaseous product deduced from the CV measurements is N2. Herein, the generated gaseous compounds after nitrate reduction on Cu/Pt NFs/CC were detected by Gas chromatograph (GC), which is shown in Figure 5B. It is noticeable from the chromatogram that the N2 peak is well-separated from the minor peak for H2 (evolution in the negative potential region) in the gaseous compounds at the given GC conditions, indicating that N2 might be the major gaseous product for nitrate reduction. Combined with the electrochemical behaviors in CV curves, both of the ammonia oxidation and nitrite selective reduction to N2 on the exposed Pt(100) terraces in such nanostructured Pt NFs covered with a small amount of Cu contribute to the generation of N2. The major electrochemical reactions involved in the nitrate electroreduction are proposed in the Scheme 1 [35,36,38]. Detailed pathways of nitrate reduction on Cu/Pt NFs/CC will be further studied in the future.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Sulfuric acid, H2PtCl6·6H2O, CuSO4·5H2O, NaNO3, NaNO2 were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., and NaOH was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Shanghai, China). Carbon cloths were obtained from Ce Tech Co., Ltd (Taichung, Taiwan). All aqueous solutions were freshly prepared with ultrapure water (≥18 MΩ cm). All glassware was immersed in the concentrated sulfuric acid solution to stay overnight and rinsed with the ultrapure water for several times before use. Prior to the experiments, oxygen was removed by bubbling argon for at least 30 min.

3.2. Preparation of Cu/Pt NFs/CC

Two-step electrodeposition processes were used to prepare Cu/Pt NFs/CC. To improve the surface hydrophilicity, carbon cloths were immersed in a 6 M HNO3 solution for 30 min sonication and rinsed with the ultrapure water before use. First, Pt NFs were grown onto the carbon cloth via potentiostatic deposition in the solution of 2 mM H2PtCl6 + 0.5 M H2SO4 at −0.1 V for 1800 s. Then, the Pt NFs/CC electrode was treated as the supporting material for carrying out the potentiostatic deposition of Cu atoms in the solution of 2 mM CuSO4 + 0.5 M H2SO4 at potential of 0.65 V for 300 s. The obtained electrode was denoted as Cu/Pt NFs/CC electrode.

3.3. Characterizations and Electrochemical Measurements

The morphology and structure of electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM, Zeiss, Gemini300, Oberkochen, Germany). The elemental analyses were conducted with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) equipped on the Zeiss. TEM and HRTEM images of the Pt NFs were obtained using a JEM-2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was operated on a Thermo ESCALAB 250 system (Waltham, MA, USA). All electrochemical experiments were performed by using a CHI 760C electrochemical workstation in a conventional three-electrode cell, which equipped with an reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) reference electrode and a platinum sheet as a counter electrode. All potentials mentioned below are referred to the RHE. To avoid Cu oxidation, faster transfer of the Cu/Pt NFs/CC electrode is needed for next electrochemical measurement.

3.4. Product Analysis

The concentration of NO3−-N was measured by an ion chromatography system (Dionex ICS-1500, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) equipped with a Dionex IonPac AS11-HC anion exchange column. The standard colorimetric method was employed to determine the concentration of NO2−-N, NH3-N and total nitrogen (TN) in solution by the use of a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Thermo Evolution 220, Waltham, MA, USA). The concentration of NO3−-N removal and gaseous compounds-N was calculated by the initial concentration (20 mM L−1, 280 mg L−1) subtracting the detected concentration of NO3−-N and TN, respectively. Gas chromatograph (GC, GC7290, Shanghai, China) was used at the end of the electrocatalysis experiment (ca. 90 min) for the qualitative determination of N2 in the sealed cell.

4. Conclusions

Pt nanoflowers featuring a preferential (100) orientation were electrodeposited on carbon cloth, and then Cu atoms were deposited on the Pt NFs at the electrodeposition potential of 0.65 V. The activity and selectivity of the nitrate reduction on Cu modified Pt NFs are pronounced depending on the Cu coverage and exposed Pt(100) terraces. With a lower Cu surface coverage (ca. 8.7%) on Cu/Pt NFs/CC, Cu atoms adsorbed on the Pt(100) sites could enhance the activity of nitrate reduction, meanwhile, the presence of broad Pt(100) terraces could result in N2 generation associated with the selective processes of ammonia oxidation and nitrite reduction on Pt(100) terraces. On the contrary, with the increase of Cu atoms adsorbed on Pt(100) sites, the nitrate reduction activity decreases and the N2 selective step is hindered. The results suggest that Cu modified Pt nanoflowers with preferential (100) surfaces could be a promising electrocatalyst in the nitrate removal attributed to the large specific surface area, low cost and flexibility in application.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/6/536/s1, Figure S1: XPS survey spectra of Pt NFs/CC and Cu/Pt NFs/CC, Figure S2: (A)H stripping curve of Pt NFs/CC (blank curve) and Cu stripping curve of Cudepo 0.2 V/Pt NFs/CC (red curve) in 0.5 M H2SO4, (B) CVs of Cudepo 0.2 V/Pt NFs/CC in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO3−. Scan rate is 20 mV s−1.

Author Contributions

T.C., H.M. proposed the concept and supervised the research work. Y.L., L.L., Y.Z., S.S. and R.J. designed and performed the experiments. All authors analyzed the data and wrote the paper.

Funding

This research was funded by “National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 21603122”, “Doctoral Research Fund of Shandong Jianzhu University, grant number XNBS1538”, “Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province, grant number S18015Z” and “Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program, grant number J16LA04”.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. SEM images of Pt NFs/CC (A–D) at different magnifications. Inset of (C) is the corresponding elemental mapping image; TEM image (E), HRTEM images (F,G) of the Pt NF; cyclic voltammogram (H) for the Pt NFs/CC in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 20 mV s−1.
Figure 1. SEM images of Pt NFs/CC (A–D) at different magnifications. Inset of (C) is the corresponding elemental mapping image; TEM image (E), HRTEM images (F,G) of the Pt NF; cyclic voltammogram (H) for the Pt NFs/CC in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 20 mV s−1.
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Figure 2. SEM image (A) and the corresponding elemental mapping image (B) of Cu/Pt NFs/CC, the blue and red colors in (B) correspond to Pt and Cu elements, respectively; Pt 4f XPS spectra (C) of Pt NFs/CC and Cu/Pt NFs/CC, Cu 2p XPS spectra (D) of Cu/Pt NFs/CC.
Figure 2. SEM image (A) and the corresponding elemental mapping image (B) of Cu/Pt NFs/CC, the blue and red colors in (B) correspond to Pt and Cu elements, respectively; Pt 4f XPS spectra (C) of Pt NFs/CC and Cu/Pt NFs/CC, Cu 2p XPS spectra (D) of Cu/Pt NFs/CC.
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Figure 3. Cyclic Voltammetry of Pt NFs/CC (A) in a solution of absence (dash line) and presence of 2 mM Cu2+ (solid line); (B) H stripping curve of Pt NFs/CC (blank curve) and Cu stripping curve of Cu/Pt NFs/CC (red curve) in 0.5 M H2SO4, scan rate is 20 mV s−1.
Figure 3. Cyclic Voltammetry of Pt NFs/CC (A) in a solution of absence (dash line) and presence of 2 mM Cu2+ (solid line); (B) H stripping curve of Pt NFs/CC (blank curve) and Cu stripping curve of Cu/Pt NFs/CC (red curve) in 0.5 M H2SO4, scan rate is 20 mV s−1.
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Figure 4. CVs of Pt NFs/CC (A) in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO2− (solid line) and 20 mM NO3− (dash line); CVs of Cu/Pt NFs/CC (B) in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO3−. Scan rate is 20 mV s−1.
Figure 4. CVs of Pt NFs/CC (A) in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO2− (solid line) and 20 mM NO3− (dash line); CVs of Cu/Pt NFs/CC (B) in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO3−. Scan rate is 20 mV s−1.
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Figure 5. (A) Concentration of NO3−-N removal, NO2−-N, NH3-N and gaseous compounds-N after electrocatalysis by Cu/Pt NFs/CC in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO3− (280 mg L−1); (B) Chromatogram of the gaseous compounds after electrocatalysis by Cu/Pt NFs/CC.
Figure 5. (A) Concentration of NO3−-N removal, NO2−-N, NH3-N and gaseous compounds-N after electrocatalysis by Cu/Pt NFs/CC in 0.1 M NaOH containing 20 mM NO3− (280 mg L−1); (B) Chromatogram of the gaseous compounds after electrocatalysis by Cu/Pt NFs/CC.
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Scheme 1. Proposed electroreactions involved in the nitrate reduction on the Cu/Pt NFs/CC (8.7% Cu coverage).
Scheme 1. Proposed electroreactions involved in the nitrate reduction on the Cu/Pt NFs/CC (8.7% Cu coverage).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, T.; Li, Y.; Li, L.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, S.; Jiang, R.; Ma, H. Cu Modified Pt Nanoflowers with Preferential (100) Surfaces for Selective Electroreduction of Nitrate. Catalysts 2019, 9, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9060536

AMA Style

Chen T, Li Y, Li L, Zhao Y, Shi S, Jiang R, Ma H. Cu Modified Pt Nanoflowers with Preferential (100) Surfaces for Selective Electroreduction of Nitrate. Catalysts. 2019; 9(6):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9060536

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Ting, Yuxuan Li, Luyan Li, Yanjie Zhao, Shuhua Shi, Rongyan Jiang, and Houyi Ma. 2019. "Cu Modified Pt Nanoflowers with Preferential (100) Surfaces for Selective Electroreduction of Nitrate" Catalysts 9, no. 6: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9060536

APA Style

Chen, T., Li, Y., Li, L., Zhao, Y., Shi, S., Jiang, R., & Ma, H. (2019). Cu Modified Pt Nanoflowers with Preferential (100) Surfaces for Selective Electroreduction of Nitrate. Catalysts, 9(6), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9060536

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