Gel-Type and Macroporous Cross-Linked Copolymers Functionalized with Acid Groups for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Pretreated with an Ionic Liquid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Synthesis of the Catalysts
2.2. Elemental Analysis and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the Catalysts
2.3. FTIR Spectroscopy of Catalysts
2.4. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of the Wheat Straw Samples
2.5. SEM Analysis of the Wheat Straw Samples
2.6. FTIR Spectroscopy of the Wheat Straw Samples
2.7. Catalytic Hydrolysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthesis of the AHE Copolymers
3.3. Synthesis of the AME Copolymers
3.4. Characterization of the Catalysts
3.5. Characterization of the Wheat Straw Samples
3.6. Wheat Straw Fragmentation
3.7. Catalytic Tests
3.8. HPLC Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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χ (%) | Weight Ratios (%) | CEC | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMPS | HEMA | EDMA | C | H | N | S | (mmol H+/g) | ||
AHE 64-4 | Experimental | - | - | - | 45.36 | 6.56 | 4.75 | 10.29 | 3.12 |
Theoretical 1 | 64 | 32 | 4 | 45.12 | 6.06 | 4.95 | 11.34 | 3.48 2 | |
AHE 72-4 | Experimental | - | - | - | 43.94 | 6.49 | 5.27 | 11.53 | 3.47 |
Theoretical 1 | 72 | 24 | 4 | 43.87 | 6.59 | 5.35 | 12.26 | 3.78 2 |
χ (%) | Weight Ratios (%) | CEC (mmol H+/g) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMPS | MAA | EDMA | C | H | N | S | |||
AME 64-4 | Experimental | - | - | - | 43.4 | 6.42 | 5.08 | 10.75 | 5.49 |
Theoretical 1 | 64 | 32 | 4 | 44.01 | 6.48 | 5.23 | 12.21 | 5.71 2 | |
AME 72-4 | Experimental | - | - | - | 42.53 | 6.42 | 5.45 | 11.56 | 5.3 |
Theoretical 1 | 72 | 24 | 4 | 43.23 | 6.44 | 5.67 | 12.98 | 5.4 2 | |
AME 40-40 | Experimental | - | - | - | 50.82 | 6.65 | 3.01 | 6.3 | 2.99 |
Theoretical 1 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 50.8 | 6.74 | 3.12 | 7.15 | 3.34 2 | |
AME 45-40 | Experimental | - | - | - | 49.97 | 6.65 | 3.36 | 6.66 | 2.98 |
Theoretical 1 | 45 | 15 | 40 | 50.19 | 6.71 | 3.4 | 7.78 | 3.24 2 |
Original Wheat Straw | |
---|---|
Extractives | 12.2 ± 0.7 |
Aqueous | 9.9 ± 0.4 |
Organic | 1.7 ± 1.22 |
Monomeric glucose 1 | 0.23 ± 0.08 |
Total glucose 2 | 1.04 ± 0.13 |
Cellulose | 40.1 ± 0.2 |
Hemicellulose | 28.6 ± 0.3 |
Xylose | 24.2 ± 0.2 |
Galactose | 1.6 ± 0.01 |
Arabinose + Mannose | 2.8 ± 0.14 |
Acid insoluble lignin | 15.4 ± 0.3 |
Ashes | 3.6 ± 0.1 |
Acetyl groups | 1.6 ± 0.02 |
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Lavarda, G.; Morales-delaRosa, S.; Centomo, P.; Campos-Martin, J.M.; Zecca, M.; Fierro, J.L.G. Gel-Type and Macroporous Cross-Linked Copolymers Functionalized with Acid Groups for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Pretreated with an Ionic Liquid. Catalysts 2019, 9, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080675
Lavarda G, Morales-delaRosa S, Centomo P, Campos-Martin JM, Zecca M, Fierro JLG. Gel-Type and Macroporous Cross-Linked Copolymers Functionalized with Acid Groups for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Pretreated with an Ionic Liquid. Catalysts. 2019; 9(8):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080675
Chicago/Turabian StyleLavarda, Giulia, Silvia Morales-delaRosa, Paolo Centomo, Jose M. Campos-Martin, Marco Zecca, and Jose L. G. Fierro. 2019. "Gel-Type and Macroporous Cross-Linked Copolymers Functionalized with Acid Groups for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Pretreated with an Ionic Liquid" Catalysts 9, no. 8: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080675