Next Article in Journal
Mitigating Corrosion Effects of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb Alloy Fabricated via Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Technique by Regulating the Immersion Conditions
Next Article in Special Issue
Mechanism and Effect of the Dilution Gas Flow Rate on Various Fe–Si/SiO2 Soft Magnetic Composites during Fluidised Bed Chemical Vapour Deposition
Previous Article in Journal
Reinforcement of Recycled Aggregate by Microbial-Induced Mineralization and Deposition of Calcium Carbonate—Influencing Factors, Mechanism and Effect of Reinforcement
Previous Article in Special Issue
Fe2O3 Microcubes Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks for Lithium-Ion Storage with Excellent Performance
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Crystals
Volume 11
Issue 8
10.3390/cryst11080888
crystals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Migration and Enrichment Behaviors of Ca and Mg Elements during Cooling and Crystallization of Boron-Bearing Titanium Slag Melt

by
Helin Fan
1,2,*,
Ruixiang Wang
1,2,
Zhifeng Xu
1,2,
Huamei Duan
3 and
Dengfu Chen
3
1
Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
2
Ganzhou Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Metallurgy and Process Intensification, Ganzhou 341000, China
3
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(8), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080888
Submission received: 19 June 2021 / Revised: 16 July 2021 / Accepted: 19 July 2021 / Published: 30 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Crystalline Monolayer Nanosheets)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Synthetic rutile was prepared from titanium slag melt with low energy consumption and a small amount of additive (B2O3) in our previous work. The modification mechanism of titanium slag was not clear enough. The migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg elements during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt were characterized by XRF, FESEM, EMPA, and XPS. Results show that when additive (B2O3) is added, Ti elements are migrated and enriched in the area to generate rutile, while Ca, Mg, and B elements are migrated and enriched in another area to generate borate. With the additive (B2O3) amount increased, Ca and Mg element migration is complete and more thorough. Additive (B2O3) promotes rutile formation and inhibits the formation of anosovite during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt. With the additive (B2O3) amount increasing from 0% to 6%, the proportion of Ti3+ in the modified titanium slag reduces from 9.15% to 0%, and the proportion of Ti4+ increases from 90.85% to 100% under the same cooling and crystallization condition. The result will lay the foundation for the efficient preparation of synthetic rutile by adding B2O3 to the titanium slag melt.

1. Introduction

Titanium white has been used in paint, plastic, paper, fiber, ink, rubber, food, and cosmetics [1,2,3]. Titanium alloy has been applied in the chemical industry, aerospace, electric power, ocean engineering, medicine, shipbuilding, sports, metallurgy, and salt making [4,5,6,7]. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is an important intermediate to prepare titanium white from the chloride process and sponge titanium in the titanium metallurgy industry [8]. The mainstream process for preparing TiCl4 is fluidized chlorination [9].
During the fluidized chlorination process, the mixed particles of petroleum coke and titanium-rich material are suspended by chlorine gas (Cl2). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the titanium-rich material is chlorinated to form TiCl4, while other impurity oxides are chlorinated to form the corresponding chlorides. Calcium chloride (CaCl2, melting point 1045 K) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2, melting point 987 K) formed during the chlorination reaction process are in their liquid phase under the chlorination temperature range of 1073–1273 K [10]. The formation of liquid CaCl2 and MgCl2 during the chlorination reaction process will cause the agglomeration of solid particles and deteriorate the fluidization state, resulting in the cessation of the chlorination operation [11]; therefore, the fluidized chlorination process requires the total content of CaO and MgO in the titanium-rich material to be as low as possible, generally less than 1.50% [12].
The preparation of high-quality titanium-rich material is particularly important in the titanium metallurgy industry. With the gradual depletion of natural rutile, ilmenite has become the main raw material in the titanium metallurgy industry. Ilmenite accounts for 92.68% of the titanium mineral consumption around the world in 2020 [13]. The Panxi area in southwestern China holds 870 million tons of ilmenite reserves, accounting for 35.17% of the world’s ilmenite reserves [14,15]. At present, ilmenite is mainly upgraded to titanium-rich material by several commercialized processes, such as reduction smelting [16], Becher [17], sulfuric acid leaching [18], and hydrochloric acid leaching [19]. The product of the former process is called titanium slag, while the product of the latter three processes is called synthetic rutile. The reduction smelting has become a dominant process for preparing titanium-rich material worldwide [20]. Titanium slag prepared by the reduction smelting from ilmenite in the Panxi area cannot meet the requirement of the fluidized chlorination process due to its high content of CaO and MgO. The preparation of high-quality titanium-rich material has become an urgent requirement for developing the titanium metallurgy industry in China; therefore, upgrading titanium slag with a high content of CaO and MgO to high-quality titanium-rich material has become a hot spot in the titanium metallurgy industry.
There are some studies on upgrading titanium slag with high content of CaO and MgO to high-quality titanium-rich material [21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. The essence of titanium slag upgrading technology is to enrich titanium through phase reconstruction of the titanium slag and subsequent impurity separation of the modified product. What is obtained after the phase reconstruction of the titanium slag is called a modified product. In these upgrading techniques, a certain amount of solid, liquid, or gas additives was used to cause phase reconfiguration of the titanium slag at higher temperatures to obtain the modified product. According to the literature on the upgrading technologies of titanium slag, the addition amount is 42.8% of the mass of titanium slag for a solid additive; the addition amount is 16% of the mass of titanium slag for a liquid additive; the addition amount is enough for a gas additive. The treating temperature of titanium slag is generally about 900 °C, which requires a high energy consumption to maintain such a high temperature. The high-quality titanium-rich material was prepared at the cost of high energy consumption and a large amount of additive. In our previous work, high-quality titanium-rich material was prepared with low energy consumption and a small amount of additive (B2O3) [28]. Upgrading titanium slag with high content of CaO and MgO to high-quality titanium-rich material included two processes: modification and leaching. During the modification process, additive (B2O3) was added into the titanium slag melt to obtain boron-bearing titanium slag melt. The modification was achieved by controlling the migration and enrichment behavior of elements in the melt to make alkali earth elements and Ti elements enriched in different phases. The modification was completed, and the modified titanium slag was obtained after the cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt. During the leaching process, hydrochloric acid was used as a leaching agent to remove CaO and MgO impurity in the modified titanium slag to obtain high-quality titanium-rich material. CaO and MgO impurity in the modified titanium slag can be easily removed during the leaching process due to the different acid solubility between the titanium-rich phase and the alkaline earth-rich phase; therefore, the upgrading effectiveness depended largely on the modification effectiveness of titanium slag with high-content CaO and MgO. However, the modification mechanism of titanium slag with high-content CaO and MgO was not clear enough. Therefore, it is very valuable and necessary to investigate the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg during the cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt.
In this work, the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg element during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis instrument (XPS). The result will lay the foundation for the efficient preparation of synthetic rutile by adding B2O3 to the titanium slag melt.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Material

Titanium slag in this work was obtained from the city of Panzhihua in southwestern China. The chemical composition of the titanium slag was as follows (wt.%): TiO2 = 73.81, CaO = 1.00, MgO = 2.51, FeO = 12.21, SiO2 = 5.89, and MnO = 1.53, Al2O3 = 2.83. The total content of CaO and MgO in the titanium slag is 3.51%, which cannot meet the requirement of the fluidized chlorination process.

2.2. Experiment Producer

Although upgrading titanium slag with high content of CaO and MgO to high-quality titanium-rich material included modification and leaching, the modification process was focused on in this work. The experiment producer in the modification process was as follows. Firstly, titanium slag and additive (B2O3) with different mass ratios were weighed and mixed, respectively. The additive (B2O3) amount was 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, respectively. The mixture was pressed into a ball and the ball was placed into a cylindrical crucible made of metal molybdenum. The crucible containing titanium slag and additive (B2O3) was placed into a vacuum induction furnace. The protective atmosphere with argon gas was implemented in the vacuum induction furnace. Then, the vacuum induction furnace was turned on, and heating was started. When the input power of the induction furnace was maintained at 11.00 kW, the temperature of the melts in the crucible was 1700 °C. After the mixture was melted, the vacuum induction furnace maintained the input power at 11.00 kW and heated for 30 min to obtain boron-bearing titanium slag melt. After the predetermined time was reached, the crucible was taken out of the vacuum induction furnace and placed in the air for natural cooling. After cooling to room temperature, the modified titanium slag was obtained for characterization.

2.3. Characterization Method

XRF (SHIMDZU, XRF1800, Kyoto, Japan) was adopted to characterize the chemical composition of the titanium slag. FESEM (JEOL, JSM7800F, Tokyo, Japan) was adopted to characterize the influence of additive (B2O3) amount on the micromorphology of the modified titanium slag. EMPA (JEOL, JXA8230, Tokyo, Japan) was adopted to characterize the influence of additive (B2O3) amount on the element distribution of the modified titanium slag. XPS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ESCALAB250Xi, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to characterize the influence of additive (B2O3) amount on the valence state of titanium in the modified titanium slag.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. The Micromorphology of the Modified Titanium Slag with Different Amounts of Additive (B2O3)

FESEM was used to characterize the influence of additive (B2O3) amount on the micromorphology of the modified titanium slag to reveal the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg elements during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt. The micromorphology of the modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts is shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, the surface of the modified titanium slag is compact and smooth, without cracks, holes, or flocculent substances. The modified titanium slag is mainly composed of an inter-connected flake structure. There are long strip structures among the gap of the flake structure. There is a clear boundary between the two types of structures. The flake structure in the modified titanium slag has a bright color, while the long strip structure has a dark color.
The backscattered electron imaging can be used to display the micromorphology contrast and composition contrast. The contrast under FESEM is determined by the type of element in the enriched area. The backscattered electron imaging has become an important method to infer the element type and characterize the preliminary element’s migration and enrichment behavior; therefore, the micromorphology of the modified titanium slag was characterized with the backscattered electron imaging in this section. The number of backscattered electrons increases as the corresponding atomic number increases. The area enriched with heavy elements receives more backscattered electrons and shows bright contrast; the area enriched with light elements receives fewer backscattered electrons and shows dark contrast.
Among the main constituent element in the modified titanium slag, B, Mg, Al, Si, and Ca are relatively light elements, while Ti is a relatively heavy element. When comparing to Figure 1, it can be seen that the Ti is concentrated in the flake and bright area, and elements such as B, Mg, Al, Si, and Ca are concentrated in the long strip and dark area. Combined with the phase characteristic of titanium slag, it can be deduced that the phase of rutile is formed in the flake and bright area, while the phase of borate is formed in the long strip and dark area. Moreover, Ti is concentrated with the form of rutile in the flake and bright area, and B, Mg, and Ca elements are concentrated with the form of borate in the long strip and dark area during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt.

3.2. Effect of Additive (B2O3) Amount on the Element Distribution of the Modified Titanium Slag

EPMA was used to characterize the influence of additive (B2O3) amount on the element distribution of the modified titanium slag to reveal the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg elements during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt. The backscattered electron image of the cross-section of block sample of modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the bright areas may be enriched areas of Ti, and the dark areas are enriched areas of Si and B. Modified titanium slag mainly contains two types of phases: titanium-rich phases correspond to bright colored areas, such as Point 1, Point 3, Point 5, and Point 7; Si, B, Ca, Mg-rich phases correspond to dark areas, such as Point 2, Point 4, Point 6, and Point 8.
The chemical composition of the points in Figure 2 is shown in Table 1. In Table 1, when B2O3 is not added, most of the TiO2 and MgO are distributed in the bright areas, and most of the CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and MnO are distributed in the dark areas in the modified titanium slag. This distribution law is consistent with the results of phase analysis in the raw titanium slag; therefore, when B2O3 is not added, the spatial distribution of elements in the modified titanium slag and the raw titanium slag has no significant differences. When B2O3 is added, the bright area in the backscattered image is almost pure TiO2 (ω(TiO2) > 97.5%), almost free of Ca, Mg, and other impurity oxides; the dark area contains very low content of TiO2 (ω(TiO2) < 3.80%), and contains high content of Ca, Mg, B, and other impurity oxides. Therefore, B2O3 promotes titanium and impurity elements in the molten titanium slag to enrich two different regions.
WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0% is displayed in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the enrichment area of the Ca and Si elements clearly overlap each other, and the enrichment area of Ti and Mg elements distinctly overlap each other. The two overlapped areas do not overlap each other at all. Combined with the phase characteristic of titanium slag, it can be inferred that the phase of silicate is formed in the enrichment area of Ca and Si, while the solid solution of anosovite is formed in the enrichment area of Ti and Mg. The migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0% are consistent with that of the raw titanium slag melt. Therefore, there are no obvious migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0%.
WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2% is displayed in Figure 4.
In Figure 4, the regional characteristic of element enrichment in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2% is obvious. The enrichment area of Ti in the upper right area in Figure 3 contains almost no other elements except Ti and O. The enrichment area of Mg and Fe and the enrichment area of Ti overlap each other partially, while elements other than Ti are also enriched in the narrow and long area in Figure 3. Combined with the phase characteristic of titanium slag, it can be referred that the enrichment area of Ti is the phase of rutile, the overlapped enrichment area of Mg, Fe, and Ti is the solid solution of anosovite, and the long and narrow area is the phase of borate. It can be seen that the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of the titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2% are more obvious than that of the titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0%. This phenomenon indicates a slight migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2%.
WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of the block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4% is displayed in Figure 5.
In Figure 5, the element enrichment in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4% has a relatively distinct regional characteristic. The backscattered electron imaging in the modified titanium slag includes two distinct areas: the bright leaf-shaped area and the dark area. Ti is concentrated in the bright leaf-shaped area in the middle of the visual field, while almost no other elements except Ti and O are concentrated in this area. Ca, Mg, B, and other impure elements are concentrated in the dark area. The element distribution in the modified titanium slag is spatially consistent with the two areas with different brightness and darkness on the backscattered electron imaging. Combined with the phase characteristic of titanium slag, the bright area is the phase of rutile enriched with Ti, and the dark area is the phase of borate enriched with Ca, Mg, and B elements. It can be seen that the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of the titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4% is more obvious than that of the titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2%. There are fairly significant migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4%.
WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6% is displayed in Figure 6. In Figure 6, the element distribution in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6% presents extremely significant regional characteristics. The backscattered electron imaging in the modified titanium slag includes two fairly distinct areas: a bright area and a dark triangular area. Ti is concentrated in the bright area, while only Ti and O elements are concentrated in the bright area. A small amount of Mg, Ti, and Fe are enriched at the border of the bright area. Ca, Mg, B, and other impurity elements are enriched in the dark triangle area. The element distribution in the modified titanium slag is spatially consistent with the distribution of slight and dark areas on the backscattered electron imaging. The bright area is the rutile phase, the border of the bright area is the solid solution of anosovite, while the dark triangle area is the borate phase. It can be seen that the migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of the titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6% are much more obvious than that of the titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4%. There are extremely significant migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6%.
When no additive (B2O3) is added, there are no obvious migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg during the cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt. When additive (B2O3) is added, Ti migrates and enriches in one area to form the rutile phase, while Ca, Mg, and B elements migrate and enrich in another area to form the borate phase. The elements that are too late to migrate stay at the boundary between the two enrichment areas, leading to the formation of the “residual” solid solution of anosovite. With the additive (B2O3) amount increased, the migration and enrichment of Ca and Mg are complete and more thorough. The obvious migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg element during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt will contribute to the modification of titanium slag and the removal of Ca and Mg impurity. This is consistent with the experimental results on the modification of titanium slag melt and the removal of Ca and Mg impurity in the titanium slag. It is worth noting that Ca and Mg elements have obvious migration and enrichment behavior during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt. It can be seen that B2O3 has the effect of promoting the formation of the rutile phase and at the same time inhibiting the formation of the solid solution of anosovite during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt.

3.3. Effect of Additive (B2O3) Amount on the Valence State of Titanium in the Modified Titanium Slag

XPS was used to characterize the influence of additive (B2O3) amount on the valence state of titanium in the modified titanium slag to reveal the migration and enrichment behavior of Ca and Mg elements during cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt. The C1s of externally contaminated carbon are always used as the reference peak for calibration. The difference between the measured value and the reference value (284.8 eV) was used as the charge correction value (Δ) to correct other elements in the spectrum. The narrow scanning spectrum of Ti in the modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts is shown in Figure 7. In Figure 7, there are two peaks on the total scanning spectrum of the Ti. The energy level splitting is caused by spin-orbit coupling. Two valence states of the Ti can be obtained by performing peak fitting on the spectral lines of the Ti.
XPS results of the modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts are shown in Table 2. In Table 2, the proportion of Ti3+ is 9.15%, and the proportion of Ti4+ is 90.85% in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0%. It can be seen that the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0% still contains a small proportion of Ti3+. Ti3+ accounts for 6.65%, and Ti4+ accounts for 93.35% in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2%. Compared with the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0%, the proportion of Ti3+ in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2% is significantly reduced. Ti3+ accounts for 4.46%, and Ti4+ accounts for 95.54% in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4%. Compared with the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2%, the proportion of Ti3+ in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4% is lower. The proportion of Ti3+ is 0%, and the proportion of Ti4+ is 100% in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6%. Compared with the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4%, the proportion of Ti3+ in the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6% is further reduced. The addition of B2O3 causes the self-diffusion coefficient of each ion in titanium slag melt to increase, and subsequently, the viscosity of the system to decrease. As the B2O3 content increases, the contact probability of Ti3+ and O2 increases, and the oxidation reaction of low-valent titanium is strengthened during the cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt; therefore, as the B2O3 content increases, low-valent titanium in the system is more easily contacted with O2, and the TiO2-rich phases from titanium slag melt are promoted.
The binding energy of Ti3+ and Ti4+ photoelectron peaks in the modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts change within a small range. The binding energy of Ti3+2p1/2 is 463.8~463.6 eV, and the binding energy of Ti3+2p3/2 is 458.3~458.1 eV. The binding energy of Ti4+2p1/2 is 464.6 eV, and the binding energy of Ti4+2p3/2 is 458.9 eV. The spacing of the spin-orbit splitting peak of the photoelectron peak of Ti3+ is 5.5 eV, and the spacing of the spin-orbit splitting peak of the photoelectron peak of Ti4+ is 5.6 eV. The peak positions of Ti3+ and Ti4+ photoelectron peaks of titanium oxide in the literature are shown in Table 3. Ti3+ and Ti4+ photoelectron peaks obtained in this work are consistent with those in the literature, which shows the accuracy of XPS characterization and peak fitting in this work.
With the additive (B2O3) amount increasing from 0% to 6%, the proportion of Ti3+ in the modified titanium slag reduces from 9.15% to 0%, and the proportion of Ti4+ increases from 90.85% to 100% under the same cooling and crystallization conditions. It can be deduced that the addition of B2O3 can promote the oxidation of Ti3+ and precipitation of the rutile phase during cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt, facilitating the modification of titanium slag and the removal of Ca and Mg impurity.

4. Conclusions

The migration and enrichment behaviors of Ca and Mg during the cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt were characterized by XRF, FESEM, EMPA, and XPS. The results are as follows.
(1)
Ti was concentrated with the rutile form in the flake and bright areas, and B, Mg, and Ca elements were concentrated with the borate form in the long strip and dark areas during the cooling and crystallization of boron-bearing titanium slag melt.
(2)
When additive (B2O3) is added, Ti migrated and enriched in one area to form the rutile phase, while Ca, Mg, and B migrated and enriched in another area to form the borate phase. When the additive (B2O3) amount increased, Ca and Mg migration was complete and more thorough.
(3)
Additive (B2O3) has the effect of promoting the formation of the rutile phase and at the same time inhibiting the formation of the solid solution of anosovite during the cooling and crystallization of titanium slag melt.
(4)
With the additive (B2O3) amount increasing from 0% to 6%, the proportion of Ti3+ in the modified titanium slag reduces from 9.15% to 0%, and the proportion of Ti4+ increases from 90.85% to 100% under the same cooling and crystallization condition.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.F. and R.W.; methodology, R.W. and Z.X.; validation, R.W. and Z.X.; formal analysis, R.W.; investigation, Z.X.; resources, H.F.; data curation, H.F. and R.W.; writing—original draft preparation, H.F.; writing—review and editing, H.D. and D.C.; visualization, H.D.; supervision, H.D.; project administration, H.F. and D.C.; funding acquisition, H.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors confirm that there are no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Fan, H.; Wang, R.; Duan, H.; Chen, D.; Xu, Z. Structural and transport properties of TiO2-SiO2-MgO-CaO system through molecular dynamics simulations. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 325, 115226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Chen, G.; Ling, Y.; Li, Q.; Zheng, H.; Jiang, Q.; Li, K.; Gao, L.; Omran, M.; Chen, J. Highly efficient oxidation of Panzhihua titanium slag for manufacturing welding grade rutile titanium dioxide. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 7079–7086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Sofronov, D.; Rucki, M.; Demidov, O.; Doroshenko, A.; Sofronova, E.; Shaposhnyk, A.; Kapustnik, O.; Mateychenko, P.; Kucharczyk, W. Formation of TiO2 particles during thermal decomposition of Ti(NO3)4, TiOF2 and TiOSO4. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 12201–12212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Fan, H.; Chen, D.; Liu, P.; Duan, H.; Huang, Y.; Long, M.; Liu, T. Structural and transport properties of FeO-TiO2 system through molecular dynamics simulations. J. Non Cryst. Solids 2018, 493, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Sui, Y.; Guo, Y.; Jiang, T.; Qiu, G.-Z. Separation and recovery of iron and titanium from oxidized vanadium titano-magnetite by gas-based reduction roasting and magnetic separation. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8, 3036–3043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Xuefeng, X.; Tayyeb, A.; Lin, W.; Huanwu, C.; Zhe, Z.; Zixuan, N.; Xiaopin, L.; Anjin, L.; Binbin, Z.; Xingwang, C. Research on dynamic compression properties and deformation mechanism of Ti6321 titanium alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 11509–11516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ran, J.; Jiang, F.; Sun, X.; Chen, Z.; Tian, C.; Zhao, H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by electron beam melting. Crystals 2020, 10, 972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Wang, X.; Liu, X.; Ma, Y.; Wang, M.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X. A novel technology for the refinement of low-grade ilmenite concentrate. Hydrometallurgy 2018, 180, 36–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Zheng, F.; Guo, Y.; Duan, W.; Liu, S.; Qiu, G.; Chen, F.; Jiang, T.; Wang, S. Transformation of Ti-bearing mineral in Panzhihua electric furnace titanium slag during oxidation roasting process. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2018, 131, 1767–1776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Niu, L.-P.; Ni, P.-Y.; Zhang, T.-A.; Lv, G.-Z.; Zhou, A.-P.; Liang, X.-B.; Meng, D.-L. Mechanism of fluidized chlorination reaction of Kenya natural rutile ore. Rare Met. 2014, 33, 485–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Wu, K.-H.; Zhang, G.-H.; Chou, K.-C. Preparation technology of Ti-rich material from ilmenite via method of vacuum carbothermal reduction. Can. Metall. Q. 2019, 58, 196–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Zhang, L.; Hu, H.; Liao, Z.; Chen, Q.; Tan, J. Hydrochloric acid leaching behavior of different treated Panxi ilmenite concentrations. Hydrometallurgy 2011, 107, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. US Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries; Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 2021.
  14. Nie, W.; Wen, S.; Feng, Q.; Liu, D.; Zhou, Y. Mechanism and kinetics study of sulfuric acid leaching of titanium from titanium-bearing electric furnace slag. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 1750–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Li, Y.; Chen, S.; Duan, H. A new process of extracting titanium from vanadium—Titanium magnetite. Crystals 2021, 11, 327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Lv, X.; Xin, Y.; Lv, X.; Lv, W.; Dang, J. High-titanium slag preparation process by carbothermic reduction of ilmenite and wet-magnetic separation. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 2021, 52, 351–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Farjana, S.H.; Huda, N.; Mahmud, M.P.; Lang, C. Towards sustainable TiO2 production: An investigation of environmental impacts of ilmenite and rutile processing routes in Australia. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 196, 1016–1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Jia, L.; Liang, B.; Lü, L.; Yuan, S.; Zheng, L.; Wang, X.; Li, C. Beneficiation of titania by sulfuric acid pressure leaching of Panzhihua ilmenite. Hydrometallurgy 2014, 150, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Zhang, J.; Zhu, Q.; Xie, Z.; Li, H. Influence of redox pretreatment on the pulverization of panzhihua ilmenite during hydrochloric acid leaching. Hydrometallurgy 2015, 157, 226–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Fan, H.; Chen, D.; Liu, T.; Duan, H.; Huang, Y.; Long, M.; He, W. Crystallization behaviors of anosovite and silicate crystals in high CaO and MgO titanium slag. Metals 2018, 8, 754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Guo, Y.; Liu, S.; Jiang, T.; Qiu, G.; Chen, F. A process for producing synthetic rutile from Panzhihua titanium slag. Hydrometallurgy 2014, 147, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Gueguin, M. Method of Preparing a Synthetic Rutile from a Titaniferous Slag Containing Magnesium Values. U.S. Patent 5,063,032, 5 November 1991. [Google Scholar]
  23. Borowiec, K.; Grau, A.E.; Gueguin, M.; Turgeon, J.-F. Method to Upgrade Titania Slag and Resulting Product. U.S. Patent 5,830,420, 3 November 1998. [Google Scholar]
  24. Elger, G.W.; Stadler, R.A.; Sanker, P.E. Process for Purifying a Titanium-Bearing Material and Upgrading Ilmenite to Synthetic Rutile with Sulfur Trioxide. U.S. Patent 4,120,694, 17 October 1978. [Google Scholar]
  25. Dong, H.; Jiang, T.; Guo, Y.; Chen, J.; Fan, X. Upgrading a Ti-slag by a roast-leach process. Hydrometallurgy 2012, 113, 119–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Zheng, F.-Q.; Guo, Y.-F.; Liu, S.-S.; Qiu, G.-Z.; Feng, C.; Jiang, T.; Shuai, W. Removal of magnesium and calcium from electric furnace titanium slag by H3PO4 oxidation roasting–leaching process. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2018, 28, 356–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Liu, S.-s.; Guo, Y.-f.; Qiu, G.-z.; Jiang, T. Preparation of Ti-rich material from titanium slag by activation roasting followed by acid leaching. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2013, 23, 1174–1178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Fan, H.; Duan, H.; Tan, K.; Li, Y.; Chen, D.; Long, M.; Liu, T. Production of synthetic rutile from molten titanium slag with the addition of B2O3. JOM 2017, 69, 1914–1919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Carley, A.F.; Chalker, P.R.; Riviere, J.C.; Roberts, M.W. The identification and characterisation of mixed oxidation states at oxidised titanium surfaces by analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectra. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases 1987, 83, 351–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Siemensmeyer, B.; Schultze, J. XPS and UPS studies of gas-phase oxidation, electrochemistry and corrosion behaviour of Ti and Ti5Ta. Surf. Interface Anal. 1990, 16, 309–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Choudhury, T.; Saied, S.; Sullivan, J.; Abbot, A. Reduction of oxides of iron, cobalt, titanium and niobium by low-energy ion bombardment. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1989, 22, 1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Godfroid, T.; Gouttebaron, R.; Dauchot, J.; Leclere, P.; Lazzaroni, R.; Hecq, M. Growth of ultrathin Ti films deposited on SnO2 by magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films 2003, 437, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Pouilleau, J.; Devilliers, D.; Garrido, F.; Durand-Vidal, S.; Mahé, E. Structure and composition of passive titanium oxide films. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 1997, 47, 235–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Yu, Q.; Liu, D.; Wang, R.; Feng, Z.; Zuo, Z.; Qin, S.; Liu, H.; Xu, X. The dielectric and photochromic properties of defect-rich BaTiO3 microcrystallites synthesized from Ti2O3. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2012, 177, 639–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Siemensmeyer, B.; Bade, K.; Schultze, J. XPS and electrochemical studies of thin TiN layers. Ber. Bunsenges. Für Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 1461–1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Liu, Y.; Lin, Y.; Wei, Y.; Liu, C. Conductor formation through phase transformation in Ti-oxide thin films. J. Electron. Mater. 2012, 41, 166–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Chowdari, B.; Rao, G.S.; Lee, G. XPS and ionic conductivity studies on Li2O–Al2O3–(TiO2 or GeO2)–P2O5 glass-ceramics. Solid State Ion. 2000, 136, 1067–1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Liu, Q. Study on the Technology of Microwave Roasting-Acid and Alkali Leaching of High Titanium Slag. Master’s Thesis, Kunming Univerity Science Technol, Yunnan, China, April 2017. [Google Scholar]
Crystals 11 00888 g001 550
Figure 1. Micromorphology of the modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts: (a) 0% B2O3, (b) 2% B2O3, (c) 4% B2O3, and (d) 6% B2O3.
Figure 1. Micromorphology of the modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts: (a) 0% B2O3, (b) 2% B2O3, (c) 4% B2O3, and (d) 6% B2O3.
Crystals 11 00888 g001
Crystals 11 00888 g002 550
Figure 2. The backscattered electron image of the cross-section of block sample of modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts.
Figure 2. The backscattered electron image of the cross-section of block sample of modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts.
Crystals 11 00888 g002
Crystals 11 00888 g003 550
Figure 3. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Figure 3. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 0%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Crystals 11 00888 g003
Crystals 11 00888 g004 550
Figure 4. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Figure 4. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 2%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Crystals 11 00888 g004
Crystals 11 00888 g005 550
Figure 5. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Figure 5. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 4%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Crystals 11 00888 g005
Crystals 11 00888 g006 550
Figure 6. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Figure 6. WDS mapping analysis of the cross-section of block sample of the modified titanium slag with the additive (B2O3) amount of 6%: (a) total, (b) Ti, (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) B, (f) Mn, (g) Fe, and (h) Si.
Crystals 11 00888 g006
Crystals 11 00888 g007 550
Figure 7. XPS patterns of detail scan of Ti in the modified titanium slag: (a) 0% B2O3, (b) 2% B2O3, (c) 4% B2O3, and (d) 6% B2O3.
Figure 7. XPS patterns of detail scan of Ti in the modified titanium slag: (a) 0% B2O3, (b) 2% B2O3, (c) 4% B2O3, and (d) 6% B2O3.
Crystals 11 00888 g007
Table
Table 1. The chemical composition of the points in Figure 2 (wt.%).
Table 1. The chemical composition of the points in Figure 2 (wt.%).
PointTiO2CaOMgOB2O3Al2O3MnOFe2O3SiO2
174.360.103.630.002.491.2118.120.09
26.7610.341.560.0010.513.3916.4251.03
398.540.250.000.130.090.090.810.10
43.797.763.0019.679.173.5019.3533.77
597.690.22000.090.181.690.09
65.265.433.6524.718.184.2225.9025.61
799.430.090.000.000.100.050.290.03
83.904.774.7127.308.564.2223.4223.12
Table
Table 2. XPS results of modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts.
Table 2. XPS results of modified titanium slag with different additive (B2O3) amounts.
B2O3 Addition Amount (%)ContentTi4+2p1/2Ti3+2p1/2Ti4+2p3/2Ti3+2p3/2
0binding energy (eV)464.5463.8458.9458.3
peak area4491.3452.58982.7905.0
proportion (%)90.859.1590.859.15
2binding energy (eV)464.5463.7458.9458.2
peak area5998.2427.311996.5854.7
proportion (%)93.356.6593.356.65
4binding energy (eV)464.5463.6458.9458.1
peak area4883.2228.29766.3456.3
proportion (%)95.544.4695.544.46
6binding energy (eV)464.5463.6458.9458.1
peak area4818.30.059636.60.1
proportion (%)10001000
Table
Table 3. Peak positions of photoelectron peaks of Ti3+ and Ti4+ in titanium oxide in the literature.
Table 3. Peak positions of photoelectron peaks of Ti3+ and Ti4+ in titanium oxide in the literature.
ResearcherTi2O3 (eV)TiO2 (eV)
Ti2p1/2Ti2p3/2Peak SpacingTi2p1/2Ti2p3/2Peak Spacing
Albert F. Carley et al. [29]462.5457.55.0465.0459.06.0
B. Siemensmeyer et al. [30]463.6457.95.7465.2459.45.8
T. Choudhury et al. [31]463.4457.65.8465.0459.15.9
T. Godfroid et al. [32]463.1457.25.9464.7458.85.9
J. Pouilleau et al. [33]463.1457.45.7464.8459.15.7
Yu Qian et al. [34]462.8457.05.8464.0458.15.9
B. Siemensmeyer et al. [35]463.4457.75.7465.0459.25.8
Y. S. Liu et al. [36]463.4457.65.8465.0459.15.9
B. V. R. Chowdari et al. [37]464.2458.75.5465.3459.85.5
Liu Qianqian et al. [38]463.7458.25.5464.8459.35.5
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fan, H.; Wang, R.; Xu, Z.; Duan, H.; Chen, D. Migration and Enrichment Behaviors of Ca and Mg Elements during Cooling and Crystallization of Boron-Bearing Titanium Slag Melt. Crystals 2021, 11, 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080888

AMA Style

Fan H, Wang R, Xu Z, Duan H, Chen D. Migration and Enrichment Behaviors of Ca and Mg Elements during Cooling and Crystallization of Boron-Bearing Titanium Slag Melt. Crystals. 2021; 11(8):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080888

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fan, Helin, Ruixiang Wang, Zhifeng Xu, Huamei Duan, and Dengfu Chen. 2021. "Migration and Enrichment Behaviors of Ca and Mg Elements during Cooling and Crystallization of Boron-Bearing Titanium Slag Melt" Crystals 11, no. 8: 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080888

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop