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Article

Dielectric Anomaly and Charge Fluctuations in the Non-Magnetic Dimer Mott Insulator λ-(BEDT-STF)2GaCl4

by
Olga Iakutkina
1,*,
Roland Rosslhuber
1,
Atsushi Kawamoto
2 and
Martin Dressel
1
1
1. Physikalisches Institute, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(9), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091031
Submission received: 20 July 2021 / Revised: 23 August 2021 / Accepted: 24 August 2021 / Published: 27 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Spin on Metal-Insulator Transitions)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The dimer Mott insulator λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 undergoes no magnetic order down to the lowest temperatures, suggesting the formation of a novel quantum disordered state. Our frequency and temperature-dependent investigations of the dielectric response reveal a relaxor-like behavior below T ≈ 100 K for all three axes, similar to other spin liquid candidates. Optical measurement of the charge-sensitive vibrational mode ν 27 ( b 1 u ) identifies a charge disproportionation Δ ρ ≈ 0.04 e on the dimer that exists up to room temperature and originates from inequivalent molecules in the weakly coupled dimers. The linewidth of the charge sensitive mode is broader than that of typical organic conductors, supporting the existence of a disordered electronic state.

1. Introduction

Strongly correlated electron systems attract much interest due to some novel magnetic, dielectric, and superconducting properties; both electron–electron interactions and quantum fluctuations are considered crucial for understanding these phenomena. Among these systems, the quasi-two-dimensional organic charge-transfer salts are renowned for their versatility and enormously rich phase diagrams, comprising superconducting, spin-liquid, antiferromagnetic, or charge-ordered phases that arise from the interplay of spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom [1,2,3,4,5]. Besides the most popular examples κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 X, another dimerized family has drawn large attention, the λ -salts, where the lattice system consists of triangular and square tiling as depicted in Figure 1b. In addition to the well-studied unconventional superconducting properties, such as a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state and field-induced superconductivity at strong magnetic fields [6,7,8,9], a spin-liquid-like state was discovered recently [10,11].
The electronic phase of the insulating λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 is situated between the antiferromagnet λ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 GaCl 4 and the superconductor λ -(BETS) 2 GaCl 4 (cf. Figure 1a for the molecular structure). While the most insulting compound λ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 GaCl 4 undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at T N = 13 K, no magnetic order occurs in λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 down to 1.63 K regardless of the strong coupling J = 194 K [12]. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility can be described by a S = 1 2 two-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice, suggesting geometrically frustrated spin-liquid-like behavior. However, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study found an inhomogeneous electronic state; after an increase of 1 / T 1 , the NMR relaxation rate saturates at a low temperature, which is in stark contrast to the magnetic properties of other spin liquid candidates. Hence, λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 is considered a realization of a novel quantum disordered state [11].
Having in mind that numerous organic conductors including antiferromagnets and spin-liquid candidates exhibit dielectric anomalies [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24], with the charge-order driven ferroelectric state detected for some of them [25,26,27], and the growing numbers of possible applications of ferroelectric materials [28,29,30,31,32], understanding the mechanism of dielectric anomaly and investigating the charge dynamics of the electronic state in organic conductors are of great interest. In this study, we focused on the disordered quantum state of λ -type salts.
To this end, we employ dielectric and vibration spectroscopies to explore the charge state and the presence of the dielectric anomaly in λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 ; in addition, the compound is investigated by infrared spectroscopy as the standard and very powerful tool to elucidate the charge distribution on the molecules [33,34,35,36,37,38].

2. Experimental Details

Single crystals of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 were synthesized at Hokkaido University by the standard electrochemical oxidation method [39]. In contrast to BEDT-TTF molecules, in BEDT-STF, two central sulfur atoms are substituted by Se atoms, leading to asymmetric BEDT-STF molecules as sketched in Figure 1a. The crystals have a needle-like shape parallel to the c-axis and typical dimensions of 1 mm × 0.2 mm × 0.05 mm. The donor molecules are dimerized with the pairs arranged in the ac-plane. As shown in Figure 2, the conducting layers of donor molecules alternate with insulating anion sheets along the b-axis, giving rise to a quasi-two-dimensional structure. The morphology of the crystals corresponds to the ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) , ( 110 ) , and ( 001 ) -planes. For clarity ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) and ( 110 ) planes are depicted in Figure 2c, while the ( 001 ) -plane coincides with the c-axis.
Dielectric measurements between T = 295 and 7 K are carried out using an Agilent A4294 impedance analyzer that covers the frequency range 100 Hz–10 MHz. The spectra of the complex dielectric permittivity
ϵ ^ ( ω ) = σ ^ ( ω ) − σ 0 i ϵ 0 ω = ϵ ′ ( ω ) + i ϵ ″ ( ω )
are obtained along all three directions, [ 110 ] , [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] , and [ 001 ] , using the two-contact method, where gold wires are attached on both sides of the crystal with carbon paste; the other ends of the wires are connected to the sample holder with silver paint. Here, σ 0 is the conductivity caused by free electrons in the material, and ϵ 0 is the vacuum permittivity; ϵ ′ and ϵ ″ are the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity. To have reliable data, the sample holder open-loop contribution is subtracted [40]. Using a continuous helium-flow cryostat (KONTI by CryoVac, Troisdorf, Germany), the samples can be cooled down from room temperature to T = 7 K.
Optical reflectivity measurements off the (110)-plane of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 single crystals are carried out with a Bruker Hyperion infrared microscope attached to a Bruker Vertex 80v Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. The experiments are performed with the light polarized parallel to [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] , i.e., in the direction most sensitive to the charge-sensitive infrared-active intramolecular vibrational mode ν 27 ( b 1 u ) [35,41,42]. The spectra are recorded in a frequency range from 500 to 8000 cm−1 between T = 295 and 12 K. The optical conductivity is calculated via the Kramers–Kronig transformation with constant extrapolation of reflectivity below 500 cm−1, which is common for insulators, and using standard ω − 4 decay as high-frequency extrapolation.

3. Results and Analysis

3.1. Dielectric Properties

Figure 3 displays the real part of the dielectric permittivity ϵ ′ ( T ) as a function of temperature measured at various frequencies f = ω / 2 π along the three directions [ 001 ] , [ 110 ] , and [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] of a λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 crystal.
For the orientations E   ‖  [ 001 ] and E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] , broad maxima develop below T = 100 K, which are strongly frequency dependent. With decreasing frequency, the peak shifts toward lower temperatures and becomes sharper. For E   ‖  [ 110 ] , a clear step can be seen in the real part of the dielectric constant around T = 60 K that shifts toward higher temperatures with increasing frequency. This behavior is typical for relaxor ferroelectrics, and similar dielectric anomalies are frequently observed in organic conductors [19,20,21,43,44].
Dielectric relaxation appears in a rather broad temperature range; for intermediate temperatures, the frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity is plotted in Figure 4. The overall behavior can be described by the generalized Debye model [45,46]:
ϵ ^ ( ω ) − ϵ ∞ = Δ ϵ 1 + ( i ω τ o ) 1 − α   ,
where Δ ϵ = ϵ ′ ( ω → 0 ) − ϵ ′ ( ω → ∞ ) is a measure of the dielectric strength, and ϵ ′ ( ω → 0 ) and ϵ ′ ( ω → ∞ ) are the limiting static and the high-frequency values of the dielectric constant, respectively. τ 0 is the mean relaxation time, and ( 1 − α ) is the symmetric broadening. The drop in ϵ ′ ( ω ) with increasing frequency implies that the dipoles cannot follow the ac electric field at high frequencies [47]. Since ϵ ′ ( ω ) and ϵ ″ ( ω ) are linked via the Kramers–Kronig relation, the step in the real part results in a peak in the absorption ϵ ″ . The solid black lines in Figure 4 represent the fit of the data according to Equation (2), and the dashed green line is the dc contribution σ 0 .
The temperature dependence of the parameters of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 extracted from the fit of the data by Equation (2) is plotted in Figure 5 as a function of inverse temperature 1 / T . The dielectric strength Δ ϵ exhibits a broad peak around T = 67 K for the electric field oriented within the ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) -plane and around T = 40 K for the out of plane direction, E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] . This behavior resembles the temperature dependence of ϵ ′ ( T ) for low frequencies. At high temperatures, the mean relaxation time τ 0 ( T ) shows thermally activated behavior for all three directions; at the same time, the symmetric broadening ( 1 − α ) decreases with decreasing temperature. These features are signatures of cooperative behavior and glass-like freezing of molecular motion [48].
The temperature dependence of the mean relaxation time for disordered glassy systems with critical slowing down is commonly described by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) expression [48,49]:
τ 0 ( T ) = τ VFT exp Δ VFT T − T VFT ,
where Δ VFT is the activation energy for reorientational motion, T VFT is the temperature where the mean relaxation time diverges, and τ VFT is the time scale for the response in the high-temperature limit.
In Figure 6, the mean relaxation time τ 0 ( T ) of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 is plotted for all three orientations as a function of 1 / ( T − T V F T ) together with fits by Equation (3). The Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann law explains how the peak seen in the temperature-dependent plot ϵ ′ ( T ) of Figure 3 shifts with frequency. The parameters of the mean relaxation time obtained by the fits are listed in Table 1 for the different axes. We also see that T VFT is equal to 15 K for all three directions; the value is slightly higher than T VFT ≈ 6 K, extracted for the spin liquid candidate κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 , adjusted to the anomaly observed in numerous other quantities [44].
The anisotropy of the activation energy extracted in κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 also ranged up to a factor of 2 in the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann fit with remarkable deviations between different single crystals, reaching up to 510 K and 330 K, respectively [19,20]. Hence, from the slowing down of the relaxation time according to an Arrhenius behavior, Pinterić et al. obtain values comparable to the ones given in Table 1 with a glass temperature between 10 and 15 K. Again, the sample-to-sample deviation indicates disorder being important for κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 and also for κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Ag 2 (CN) 3 [20,21,22].
Alternatively, the temperature dependence of the real part of the dielectric permittivity displayed in Figure 3 might be described by a Curie–Weiss behavior. The Curie–Weiss law for the static dielectric constant as a function of temperature has the form
ϵ ′ ( T ) = C T − T C ,
where C is the Curie constant, and T C is the Curie temperature. In Figure 7, we plot ϵ ′ ( T ) along E   ‖  [ 001 ] and E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] for several frequencies.
The best fit by Equation (4) for frequencies less than 5 kHz is given by the dashed line; no clear Curie–Weiss peak is visible for the direction E   ‖  [ 110 ] . The obtained parameters are listed in Table 2. From the Curie constant C for E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] (out of plane), we can estimate the dipole strength following the procedure described by Pinterić et al. [20]. Assuming that the dielectric behavior is a result of charge imbalance within the dimers, we can estimate the amount of charge disproportionation Δ ρ ≈ 0.05 e .

3.2. Vibrational Spectroscopy

In order to learn about the possible charge disproportionation in λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 on a microscopic scale, we apply infrared spectroscopy frequently used for investigating organic charge-transfer salts [33,34,35,36,37,38,41,50]. Here, we focus on the asymmetric infrared-active vibrational mode ν 27 (b 1 u ) that involves the C=C bonds and is thus very sensitive to the electronic charge per molecule. It can be probed best perpendicular to the plane, i.e., for E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] . Figure 8a displays the optical conductivity σ 1 ( ω ) of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 in the corresponding spectral range for several temperatures. The broad band observed around 1465 cm−1 is assigned to the ν 27 vibration for half a hole per BEDT-TTF molecule. The feature becomes more pronounced upon cooling, but soon it becomes obvious that it is composed of two modes; eventually, two peaks are well separated.
For the quantitative characterization, the conductivity spectra of the ν 27 mode can be described satisfactorily with one Fano function above T = 90 K, while two Lorentzians are necessary below. For the optical conductivity, the Fano function and one Lorentzian give σ 1 F a n o and σ 1 L o r e n t z , respectively, as described in, e.g., Equation (5a,5b):
σ 1 F a n o ( ν ) = σ 0 γ ν [ γ ν ( q 2 − 1 ) + 2 q ( ν 2 − ν 0 2 ) ] ( ν 2 − ν 0 2 ) 2 + γ 2 ν 2
σ 1 L o r e n t z ( ν ) = σ 0 γ ν 2 ( ν 2 − ν 0 2 ) 2 + γ 2 ν 2
where ν = f / c = ω / ( 2 π c ) , σ 0 , and γ are frequency, amplitude, and damping, respectively, and q is a phenomenological coupling constant in the Fano function, which gives the Lorentzian shape in the case q = ± ∞ .
In Figure 8b,c, we present examples of the fits to σ 1 ( ω ) at T = 295 and 12 K; in addition, a broad Lorentzian accounts for the electronic background. The peak frequencies and linewidths are plotted in panels (d) and (e) as a function of temperature. While some hardening is observed for T > 150 K, the mode frequency saturates when cooling further. This also holds when we fit the spectra by two modes at low temperatures. Besides some thermal narrowing, when cooling starts at room temperature, the overall linewidth remains constant at approximately 13 cm−1 below 150 K.
In Figure 8d, the temperature-dependent results from fitting the ν 27 (b 1 u ) vibrational feature of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 by two Lorentzian modes are displayed by blue symbols. For T < 90 K, the peaks are well separated, but we can also extend this approach to higher temperatures, as an alternative to the description by a single Fano-line (red squares). Obviously, there is a kink in the temperature evolution of the vibrational frequency around T = 100 K that is independent of the fit procedure. At elevated temperatures, the blue-shift upon cooling follows the typical thermal hardening. The kink in this behavior at around 100 K infers some modification in the physical properties. Even though the origin of this kink is unclear, it can be related to the realization of an inhomogeneous electronic state suggested from NMR measurements, where an increasing linewidth was observed in the same temperature range, and the temperature dependence of the dc resistivity follows variable-range hopping or soft Hubbard gap models below 100 K, characteristic for systems with disorder [51,52]. It is also interesting to note that this anomaly occurs exactly at the temperature where the dielectric dispersion starts to develop, as shown in Figure 3.
Let us first have a look at this separation. The splitting of the ν 27 (b 1 u ) molecular vibration is commonly taken as evidence that there are two distinct molecules containing unequal charge, and the charge imbalance Δ ρ can be simply determined as the differences between charges on these two molecules, Δ ρ = ρ ( c h a r g e r i c h ) − ρ ( c h a r g e p o o r ) . From the separation of the two peaks by Δ ν = 6   cm − 1 extracted from Figure 8d, we can estimate the charge imbalance Δ ρ according to
Δ ν 27 = − ( 140 cm − 1 / e ) Δ ρ ,
suggested for BEDT-TTF compounds [35,41]; here we would like to note that, despite this relation was established for the BEDT-TTF molecules, it will also hold for BEDT-STF, as the replacement of some S ions by Se in BEDT-STF or BETS leads to only a small shift in ν 27 of less than 2 or 3 cm−1, respectively, in absolute value [53,54]. From our data we obtain Δ ρ ≈ 0.043 e which is independent of temperature. Although the mode is thermally broadened at higher temperatures, the fit by two terms can be extended up to T = 300 K without change in the frequency separation. This implies that the charge disproportionation of Δ ρ is already present at an ambient condition and remains unaffected by temperature. In other words, there is no charge-order phase transition in λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 , comparable to the one seen in one-dimensional charge transfer salts as a mean-field development of the charge disproportionation [44,55].
The behavior is also distinct from κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Hg(SCN) 2 Br, where a second peak develops around 18 cm−1 below the main peak, which, in fact, also exhibits a double structure with a sideband 5 cm−1 apart [24]. In the present case, we do not see a shoulder on one side gradually developing towards full peaks; instead, we observe a vibrational feature that is rather broad, and it becomes more pronounced upon cooling without strongly increasing or decreasing in width.
This observation is in line with the presence of two crystallographically inequivalent donor molecules, A and B, forming the dimer in the λ -type salts, as depicted in Figure 1b. We conclude that these molecules are not only distinct by symmetry but also carry different charges. The charge imbalance is rather small when compared to the non-dimerized α -(BEDT-TTF) 2 I 3 , for instance, where a charge disproportionation of more than Δ ρ ≈ 0.1 e is already present at room temperature well above the charge-order transition [56]. To our knowledge, there are no systematic vibrational studies of the family of λ -salts. In the related compound λ -(BETS) 2 GaCl 4 , a weak charge disproportionation was concluded from the broadening of the 77 Se NMR spectrum and its angular dependence [57].
Most dimerized charge-transfer systems, such as κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 or κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Cl, do not develop any charge disproportionation beyond 1%, which is about the experimental resolution [58]. However, with approximately 6.5 cm−1, the vibrational features of κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 are significantly broader than what is observed in typical charge-ordered compounds, such as α -(BEDT-TTF) 2 I 3 , where the linewidth is less than 3 cm−1 [59,60], or in κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Hg(SCN) 2 Cl where the individual width is around 4 to 5 cm−1 at T = 10 K [24]. This was explained by intradimer charge fluctuations, using a two-state jump model [36]. A similar conclusion can be drawn from investigations of the Raman-active fully symmetric vibrations, ν 2 and ν 3 [61].
As seen from Figure 8e, for λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 the width of the ν 27 modes also decreases only slightly with a reduced temperature and remains at about 13 cm−1 in total. If we assume an electronic charge fluctuating within the dimer, depending on the fluctuation rate, the broadening or splitting of the mode can be described by the Kubo formula [36]:
L ( ω ) = F [ ( γ + 2 v ex ) − i ( ω − ω w ) ] R 2 − ( ω − ω 1 ) ( ω − ω 2 ) − 2 i Γ ( ω − ω av ) .
Here, F = f 1 + f 2 , with f 1 , f 2 being the oscillator strengths of the bands at frequency ω 1 and ω 2 and halfwidth γ . The charge fluctuation velocity is v ex , Γ = γ + v ex is the resulting width, and the abbreviation R 2 = 2 γ v ex + γ 2 . Finally, we define the average and weighted frequency, ω av and ω w , by
ω av = ω 1 + ω 2 2 and ω w = f 2 ω 1 + f 1 ω 2 f 1 + f 2 .
When the charge oscillations are slow, v ex ≪ | ω 1 − ω 2 | / 2 , Equation (7) yields two separated bands centered around ω 1 and ω 2 , while for v ex ≫ | ω 1 − ω 2 | / 2 , the motional narrowing will give one single band centered at the intermediate frequency ω av . Finally, when v ex ≈ | ω 1 − ω 2 | / 2 , we shall observe one broad band shifted towards the mode with larger oscillator strength.
The green line in Figure 8c represents the fit of the data by Equation (7), with a slitting of 6.2 cm − 1 and a fluctuation rate ν ex = 0.3 cm − 1 corresponding to 9 × 10 10 s − 1 . This exchange frequency is certainly slower than estimated for κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 but much faster than the ν ex = 40 cm − 1 obtained from Raman measurements on κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Hg(SCN) 2 Cl [62].
Although the estimated charge disproportionation of Δ ρ ≈ 0.043 e is in good agreement with the value obtained from our dielectric measurements, we should keep in mind that this sort of charge fluctuation is much too fast to be the sole cause for the dielectric response observed in the kHz and MHz range of frequency. In addition, we do not observe any significant temperature dependence of the charge disproportionation among the molecules, which could be related to the significant temperature dependence of the dielectric behavior. The important facts in λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 are the intrinsic disorder due to the asymmetric BEDT-STF molecules and the domain wall formation due to charge order, as discussed previously [44,59,60]. The random orientation of the asymmetric BEDT-STF molecules introduces inhomogeneous charge localization, giving rise to enhanced linewidth. Hence, it is more plausible that the disordered donor molecule structure plays a role for the broad linewidth as it provides a different chemical environment, suggesting that charge fluctuations are not dominant in the insulating phase next to the SC phase in the λ -salts. This supports NMR studies claiming that magnetic fluctuation should contribute to the SC pairing mechanism [11,63]. To check the effect of the charge fluctuation in detail, ultrasonic measurements will be useful. Of course, Raman scattering experiments should eventually be performed to verify our findings.

4. Conclusions

Dielectric and vibrational spectroscopies were performed on λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 in order to elucidate the charge degrees of freedom. Our temperature and frequency-dependent investigations of the dielectric properties reveal relaxor-like ferroelectric behavior below T ≈ 100 K. The vibration spectroscopy found two ν 27 modes which can be related to inequivalent donor molecules. The amount of charge disproportionation is consistently estimated to be approximately Δ ρ = 0.04 – 0.05 e , which remains temperature independent, ruling out a charge-order transition. At this point, we cannot give a final answer as to what causes the kink in the vibrational properties around T = 100 K and the concomitant occurrence of the anomaly in the dielectric constant. The linewidth of the ν 27 mode is broader than that of typical BEDT-TTF salts, indicating that the asymmetric BEDT-STF molecules constitute a different chemical environment. This supports that the electronic state in λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 is strongly influenced by disorder, leading to some novel quantum state, as previously suggested.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.D. and O.I.; measurements and analysis, O.I. and R.R.; resources, M.D.; manuscript preparation, O.I. and M.D.; sample preparation: A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by by the DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via DR228/39-3.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available from O.I. upon request.

Acknowledgments

We thank Gabriele Untereiner for the crucial technical support and Yohei Saito for fruitful discussions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 11 01031 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) The donor molecule ET = BEDT-TTF, i.e., bis-(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene), is the most common building block, but sulfur can be replaced by selenium, leading to STF = BEDT-STF, i.e., bis-(ethylenedithio)-diseleniumdithiafulvalene, and BETS = BEDT-TSF, i.e., bis-(ethylenedithio)-tetraselenafulvalene. The more extended orbitals cause a larger bandwidth favoring better conductivity. (b) The two-dimensional charge transfer salts form different dimer patterns, where two crystallographically independent donors crystallize face-to-face. In the κ -phase the dimers are rotated with respect to each other, while the λ -pattern is organized in stacks with two dimers per unit cell; here, the constituent molecules A and B differ by symmetry. The unit cell given by black contains four molecules (A, B) and (B′, A′). The triangular arrangement of the dimers is indicated in green, where—depending on the particular transfer integrals—a high degree of frustration can be reached. Due to the weaker diagonal interaction, a square tiling occurs, shown by blue lines.
Figure 1. (a) The donor molecule ET = BEDT-TTF, i.e., bis-(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene), is the most common building block, but sulfur can be replaced by selenium, leading to STF = BEDT-STF, i.e., bis-(ethylenedithio)-diseleniumdithiafulvalene, and BETS = BEDT-TSF, i.e., bis-(ethylenedithio)-tetraselenafulvalene. The more extended orbitals cause a larger bandwidth favoring better conductivity. (b) The two-dimensional charge transfer salts form different dimer patterns, where two crystallographically independent donors crystallize face-to-face. In the κ -phase the dimers are rotated with respect to each other, while the λ -pattern is organized in stacks with two dimers per unit cell; here, the constituent molecules A and B differ by symmetry. The unit cell given by black contains four molecules (A, B) and (B′, A′). The triangular arrangement of the dimers is indicated in green, where—depending on the particular transfer integrals—a high degree of frustration can be reached. Due to the weaker diagonal interaction, a square tiling occurs, shown by blue lines.
Crystals 11 01031 g001
Crystals 11 01031 g002 550
Figure 2. Crystal structure of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 . (a) The λ -type arrangement of donor molecules within the highly conducting ac-plane. (b) The layered structure becomes obvious when looking along the c-direction, where the alternation of donor and anion layers are seen. (c) Green and blue planes correspond to ( 110 ) and ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) , respectively.
Figure 2. Crystal structure of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 . (a) The λ -type arrangement of donor molecules within the highly conducting ac-plane. (b) The layered structure becomes obvious when looking along the c-direction, where the alternation of donor and anion layers are seen. (c) Green and blue planes correspond to ( 110 ) and ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) , respectively.
Crystals 11 01031 g002
Crystals 11 01031 g003 550
Figure 3. Temperature-dependent real part of the permittivity of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 recorded at different frequencies for the electric field along the three different directions, i.e., (a) E   ‖  [ 001 ] , (b) E   ‖  [ 110 ] , and (c) E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] .
Figure 3. Temperature-dependent real part of the permittivity of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 recorded at different frequencies for the electric field along the three different directions, i.e., (a) E   ‖  [ 001 ] , (b) E   ‖  [ 110 ] , and (c) E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] .
Crystals 11 01031 g003
Crystals 11 01031 g004 550
Figure 4. Double logarithmic presentation of the frequency-dependent real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 , ϵ ′ (blue symbols) and ϵ ″ (red symbols). The data are recorded along (a) the [ 001 ] - and (b) [ 110 ] -directions at T = 70 K and (c) for E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] at T = 50 K. The solid black lines represent fits by the generalized Debye model; the dashed green lines indicate the dc contribution to the imaginary part of the permittivity.
Figure 4. Double logarithmic presentation of the frequency-dependent real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 , ϵ ′ (blue symbols) and ϵ ″ (red symbols). The data are recorded along (a) the [ 001 ] - and (b) [ 110 ] -directions at T = 70 K and (c) for E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] at T = 50 K. The solid black lines represent fits by the generalized Debye model; the dashed green lines indicate the dc contribution to the imaginary part of the permittivity.
Crystals 11 01031 g004
Crystals 11 01031 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) Dielectric strength Δ ϵ ( T ) , (b) mean relaxation time τ 0 ( T ) , and (c) symmetric broadening ( 1 − α ) as a function of inverse temperature for all the directions of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 , as indicated.
Figure 5. (a) Dielectric strength Δ ϵ ( T ) , (b) mean relaxation time τ 0 ( T ) , and (c) symmetric broadening ( 1 − α ) as a function of inverse temperature for all the directions of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 , as indicated.
Crystals 11 01031 g005
Crystals 11 01031 g006 550
Figure 6. Arrhenius presentation of the mean relaxation time τ 0 ( T ) of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 measured along the [ 001 ] (black square), [ 110 ] (red circle), and [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] (blue triangle) axes. The solid green line corresponds to fits by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann expression (3).
Figure 6. Arrhenius presentation of the mean relaxation time τ 0 ( T ) of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 measured along the [ 001 ] (black square), [ 110 ] (red circle), and [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] (blue triangle) axes. The solid green line corresponds to fits by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann expression (3).
Crystals 11 01031 g006
Crystals 11 01031 g007 550
Figure 7. The real part of the dielectric constant ϵ ′ ( T ) plotted as a function of temperature at certain frequencies for (a) E   ‖  [ 001 ] and (b) E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] . The dashed black line corresponds to the Curie–Weiss fit according to Equation (4).
Figure 7. The real part of the dielectric constant ϵ ′ ( T ) plotted as a function of temperature at certain frequencies for (a) E   ‖  [ 001 ] and (b) E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] . The dashed black line corresponds to the Curie–Weiss fit according to Equation (4).
Crystals 11 01031 g007
Crystals 11 01031 g008 550
Figure 8. (a) Temperature evolution of the optical conductivity of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 in the region of the molecular vibration ν 27 (b 1 u ). The data are shifted with respect to each other by a constant offset for clarity reasons. (b,c) Fits of the vibrational mode at T = 295 and 12 K. The experimental data are shown in black, the red lines correspond to the overall fit, and the blue lines are separate contributions to the mode. From the two-state jump model [Equation (7)], we obtain the green line. (d,e) Temperature dependence of the resonance frequency and linewidth of the charge-sensitive mode ν 27 (b 1 u ). While the red squares correspond to the fit by a single contribution for T ≥ 90 K, the blue symbols represent the two-mode description, where triangles and rotated triangles are related to different Lorentzians; the open blue squares in panel (e) correspond to the sum of both, demonstrating that the overall width does not change.
Figure 8. (a) Temperature evolution of the optical conductivity of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 in the region of the molecular vibration ν 27 (b 1 u ). The data are shifted with respect to each other by a constant offset for clarity reasons. (b,c) Fits of the vibrational mode at T = 295 and 12 K. The experimental data are shown in black, the red lines correspond to the overall fit, and the blue lines are separate contributions to the mode. From the two-state jump model [Equation (7)], we obtain the green line. (d,e) Temperature dependence of the resonance frequency and linewidth of the charge-sensitive mode ν 27 (b 1 u ). While the red squares correspond to the fit by a single contribution for T ≥ 90 K, the blue symbols represent the two-mode description, where triangles and rotated triangles are related to different Lorentzians; the open blue squares in panel (e) correspond to the sum of both, demonstrating that the overall width does not change.
Crystals 11 01031 g008
Table
Table 1. The Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann parameters of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 : the mean relaxation time τ 0 , activation energy Δ VFT , and glass temperature T VFT obtained for E   ‖  [ 001 ] , E   ‖  [ 110 ] , and E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] .
Table 1. The Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann parameters of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 : the mean relaxation time τ 0 , activation energy Δ VFT , and glass temperature T VFT obtained for E   ‖  [ 001 ] , E   ‖  [ 110 ] , and E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] .
Directions of
Measurement		τVFT
(s)		ΔVFT
(K)		TVFT
(K)
[ 001 ] -axis 2.5 × 10 − 10 56015
[ 110 ] -axis 1.85 × 10 − 10 52515
[ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] -axis 8.2 × 10 − 10 25015
Table
Table 2. Parameters C and T C of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 obtained from the fit of ϵ ′ ( T ) by the Curie–Weiss Equation (4) for E   ‖  [ 001 ] and E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] .
Table 2. Parameters C and T C of λ -(BEDT-STF) 2 GaCl 4 obtained from the fit of ϵ ′ ( T ) by the Curie–Weiss Equation (4) for E   ‖  [ 001 ] and E   ‖  [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] .
Directions of
Measurement		C
(K)		TC
(K)
[ 001 ] -axis 4 × 10 4     53
[ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] -axis42015
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Iakutkina, O.; Rosslhuber, R.; Kawamoto, A.; Dressel, M. Dielectric Anomaly and Charge Fluctuations in the Non-Magnetic Dimer Mott Insulator λ-(BEDT-STF)2GaCl4. Crystals 2021, 11, 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091031

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Iakutkina O, Rosslhuber R, Kawamoto A, Dressel M. Dielectric Anomaly and Charge Fluctuations in the Non-Magnetic Dimer Mott Insulator λ-(BEDT-STF)2GaCl4. Crystals. 2021; 11(9):1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091031

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Iakutkina, Olga, Roland Rosslhuber, Atsushi Kawamoto, and Martin Dressel. 2021. "Dielectric Anomaly and Charge Fluctuations in the Non-Magnetic Dimer Mott Insulator λ-(BEDT-STF)2GaCl4" Crystals 11, no. 9: 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091031

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