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Communication

Two Novel Pyrene Tetra-Sulfonate Europium Coordination Polymers: Structure Formation Mechanism Analysis and Sequential Modulation Strategy

by
Haoran Li
1,
Xiaolian Sun
2,
Jiaju Fu
3,* and
Wenlei Zhu
3,*
1
Public Foundational Courses Department, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, The Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121818
Submission received: 30 October 2022 / Revised: 6 December 2022 / Accepted: 8 December 2022 / Published: 14 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Metal Cluster Compound)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
For the purpose of broadening the understanding of the sulfonic acid coordination mechanism, a coordination system consisting of Eu(III) ion and 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetra-sulfonate (1,3,6,8-PTS) ligand was chosen as the typical research object. By step regulating the volume ratio of mixed solvents and the molar ratio of metal salts to ligands, two pyrene tetra-sulfonate europium coordination polymers, Eu6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(NO3)6(1,3,6,8-H2PTS)(H2O)10 (1) and Eu(NO3)(1,3,6,8-PTS)0.5(H2O)3·0.5bipy (2), were obtained in sequence. Compound 1 shows a 1D chain-like structure interconnected with 1,3,6,8-PTS bridging ligands and rare [Eu6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(NO3)6]2+ cluster nodes, while compound 2 shows a 2D layered structure. Further structural comparison with compound Eu(1,3,6,8-PTS)(H2O)7·4H2O·Hbipy (EuPTSbp-1) was discussed in detail and the structure formation mechanism was analyzed. On this basis, a sequential modulation strategy for pyrene tetra-sulfonate europium coordination polymers was proposed.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Metal–organic coordination polymers (MOCPs), or commonly known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or metal–organic coordination networks (MOCNs) in some cases, usually refer to coordination compounds with a periodic extended infinitely in a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional network structure formed by the coordination of bonds between metal ions and organic ligands. They have diverse and easily modified skeletal structures, and many of them also have a functionalized pore structure with large porosity and specific surface area. These intriguing features lead widespread applications including gas storage and separation, catalysis, fluorescence sensing, optoelectronics, magnetic materials, bioengineering, and so on [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. In recent years, MOCPs have also received extensive attention as precursors and templates for the preparation of various kinds of derivatives, including nanostructured carbon; metal oxides (MOs); metal composites (M/MO@C); and other metal-containing compounds such as metal nitrides (MNs), metal carbides (MCs), and so on [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. As the properties of MOCPs and even their derivatives are significantly affected by the MOCPs’ structures, it is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the effects of synthesis conditions (e.g., temperature, solvent environment, pH, reagent concentration and molar ratio, the presence of counter ions, and template reagent, among others) for structure regulation [27,28,29,30,31].
As the essential components of MOCPs, the coordination habit of metal ion centers and various organic ligands can easily become research hotspots. Among them, aryl sulfonic acid ligands have attracted extensive attention in recent years owing to their flexible coordination modes, including but not limited to η1, η2, η2μ2, η1μ2, η3μ3, and so on [32,33,34]. Besides, sulfonic-acid-derived MOCPs exhibit excellent structural stability and excellent biocompatibility in general [35,36,37,38,39]. However, the studies on the regulation of sulfonic acid coordination mode are still lacking. Therefore, it’s worth the effort to study the factors that affect coordination modes and explore a sequential modulation strategy for aryl sulfonic-acid-derived MOCPs.
In this work, Eu(III) ion and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetra-sulfonic (1,3,6,8-PTS) ligand were selected as research objects for the following reasons: (1) rare earth ions are easily coordinated with oxygen and may be sensitive to aqueous mixed solvent systems; (2) the PTS ligand with a large conjugated system and four sulfonic groups can easily form various kinds of π−π interactions and bridge connections, potentially increasing the coordination flexibility.
Previously, we reported an MOCP named Eu(1,3,6,8-PTS)(H2O)7 · 4H2O · Hbipy (now abbreviated as EuPTSbp-1) [40]. The unique structure provides a 1D snake-shaped chain structure with the aid of the π–π stacking effect of the 4,4′-bipyridine auxiliary template. For the purpose of exploring the sequential modulation strategy for pyrene tetra-sulfonate europium coordination polymers (EuPTS-CPs), a series of solvothermal synthesis experiments were carried out and two EuPTS-CPs with different crystallographic structures were successively obtained. Their crystal structures were described and compared with EuPTSbp-1 in detail.

2. Materials and Methods

All starting materials and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification.

2.1. Synthesis of Eu6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(NO3)6(1,3,6,8-H2PTS)(H2O)10 (1)

In a typical synthesis procedure, a mixture of 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetra-sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (1,3,6,8-PTS, 1.25 mmol, 0.763 g), Eu(NO3)3⋅6H2O (1.25 mmol, 0.558g), and 4,4′-bipyridine (1.25 mmol, 0.195 g) was added into a 25 mL Teflon inner liner, followed by the addition of 0.5 mL distilled water and 4.5 mL anhydrous ethanol. After stirring for 5 min, the Teflon inner liner was sealed into a stainless-steel vessel, heated to 90 °C within 120 min, kept at 90 °C for 3 days, and cooled to room temperature for 3 days. A mixture of the compound 1 and residue of yellow precipitation and structurally unknown yellow polycrystalline was obtained; no compound 2 or compound EuPTSbp-1 was found in this mixture. Colorless prism shaped crystal samples for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis were carefully picked manually from the mixture, under an optical microscope. For the purpose of obtaining the pure phase for compound 1, many efforts were made to optimize the synthesis conditions, but they turned out to fail.

2.2. Synthesis of Eu(NO3)(1,3,6,8-PTS)0.5(H2O)3·0.5bipy (2)

In a typical synthesis procedure, a mixture of 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetra-sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (1,3,6,8-PTS, 1.25 mmol, 0.763 g), Eu(NO3)3⋅6H2O (15 mmol, 6.692 g), and 4,4′-bipyridine (1.25 mmol, 0.195g) was added into a 25 mL Teflon inner liner, followed by the addition of 1.0 mL distilled water and 9.0 mL anhydrous ethanol. After stirring for 5 min, the Teflon inner liner was sealed into a stainless-steel vessel, heated to 90 °C within 120 min, kept at 90 °C for 3 days, and cooled to room temperature for 3 days. A mixture of compound 2 and the residue of yellow precipitation and structurally unknown colorless polycrystalline was obtained; no compound 1 or compound EuPTSbp-1 was found in this mixture. Colorless flake crystal samples for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis were carefully picked manually from the mixture, under an optical microscope. In order to obtain the pure phase for compound 2, many experiments were carried out to optimize the synthesis conditions, but the results were unsuccessful.

2.3. X-ray Crystallographic Study

The single crystal X-ray diffraction intensity data of compounds 1 and 2 were collected on a Saturn 724HG CCD single crystal X-ray diffractometer using a graphite-monochromatic Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 153K under N2 flow. Diffraction intensity data were corrected by CrystalClear program (version 1.3.6). Using Olex2 (version 1.3.0) [41], the structure was solved with the olex2.solve [42] structure solution program using Charge Flipping and refined with the SHELXL (version 2018/3) [43] refinement package using least squares minimisation. A solvent mask supported by Olex2 was used to omit the free solvent molecules in compound 1. The volume of these voids is 527.9 Å3 based on the formula unit. All nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atoms were generated at geometrically calculated positions. The relevant crystallographic data and structure determination are listed in Table 1. The nearest metal–metal distance [Å] and main bond length [Å], and bond angle [◦] in compound 1 and 2 are listed in Tables S1 and S2. CCDC 2213150 and 2213151 contain the supplementary crystallographic data. These data can be obtained free of charge via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/ (accessed on 11 December 2022) or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44-1223-336033; E-mail: [email protected].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Crystal Structure

As mentioned above, compounds 1 and 2 with two different crystal structures were synthesized by the solvothermal method, with different metal/ligands molar ratio in reactants. It is a pity that the pure phase for neither compound 1 nor compound 2 was obtained in the end, despite a series of attempts. The crystal samples for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis were picked manually from the corresponding impure products under an optical microscope. Nevertheless, crystal samples of compounds 1 and 2 are still reproducible, and discussing the crystal structure evolution of compounds EuPTSbp-1 to 1 to 2 with the change of solvothermal synthesis conditions is still of positive significance for studying the coordination habit of aryl sulfonic acids.

3.1.1. Eu6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(NO3)6(1,3,6,8-H2PTS)(H2O)10 (1)

According to single crystal X-ray diffraction data, compound 1 belongs to the triclinic P 1 ¯ space group. As shown in Figure 1a, [Eu6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(NO3)6]2+ hexanuclear europium oxygen cluster nodes were contained in compound 1. In this europium oxygen cluster, six Eu(III) ions are connected by eight μ3-OH group and one μ6-O2− ion to form an eight-caped octahedron structure, of which Eu(III) ions, μ3-OH groups, and μ6-O2− ion are located at the vertices, the face-centers, and the body center, respectively, as shown in Figure 1b. Besides these bridge-linked oxygen atoms, Eu2 is coordinated by two oxygen atoms from coordinated H2O molecules and chelated by two oxygen atoms from one NO3− ion. The coordination environment of Eu3 is similar to that of Eu2, but the spatial orientation of coordination groups is different. For Eu1, a coordinated oxygen atom from H2O is replaced by an oxygen atom from the ligand sulfonic acid group, in which way two 1,3,6,8-PTS ligands are connected by the europium oxygen clusters to form 1D chains, as shown in Figure 2. Such 1D chains pack through weak interactions and form the spatial structure of compound 1, as shown in Figure 3. For demonstrating the asymmetric unit in compound 1, an ORTEP representation is shown in Figure S1. By simplifying the europium oxygen clusters to a node and the 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligand to a two-connected node, the simple 1D chain-like structure topology diagram of compound 1 was obtained, as shown in Figure S2.

3.1.2. Eu(NO3)(1,3,6,8-PTS)0.5(H2O)3·0.5bipy (2)

According to the single crystal X-ray diffraction data, compound 2 belongs to the triclinic P 1 ¯ space group. As shown in Figure 4, each Eu(III) ion is coordinated with three oxygen atoms (O1, O2, and O4) from two sulfonic acid groups of 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligands and three oxygen atoms (O10, O11, and O12) from coordinated H2O molecules, and is chelated by two oxygen atoms from one NO3− ion, showing an eight-coordinate configuration. For demonstrating the asymmetric unit in compound 2, an ORTEP representation is shown in Figure S3. A 2D layered structure is formed by the 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligands connecting the Eu(III) ion nodes, as shown in Figure 5. The sulfonic acid groups of pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligands are coordinated with Eu(III) ions in two different modes. One is to connect one Eu(III) ion node in a η1 way, and the other is to connect two Eu(III) ion nods in the form of η2-μ2 mode. By simplifying the 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligand to a four-connected node, the layered structure topology diagram of compound 2 can be obtained, as shown in Figure 5b. The Schläfli symbol can be expressed as (333 · 433).
The spatial structure of compound 2 is formed by the stacking of pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligands in each layer through 4,4′-bipyridine molecules between layers, as shown in Figure 6. It can be speculated that 4,4′-bipyridine molecules play a template role in the synthesis of this compound.

3.2. Structure Comparison and Formation Mechanism Speculation for EuPTS-CPs

As mentioned above, the compound EuPTSbp-1 has a 1D snake-shaped structure in which the 4,4′-bipyridine auxiliary template acts as an important media of the π−π stacking effect, eventually leading to the formation of such a structure. It is synthesized by the solvothermal method, where the molar ratio of metal/PTS ligand is 1:1 and the volume ratio of mixed H2O/EtOH solvent is also 1:1.
To regulate the crystal structure of the product, the volume ratio of mixed H2O/EtOH solvent was modulated to be 1:9 and the other reaction conditions including reactant ratio remain unchanged. The obtained compound 1 shows a 1D chains structure, which is similar to EuPTSbp-1 (Figure 7). The coordination modes of the PTS ligands in these two compounds are the same too. In this way, only two para-sulfonic acid groups are involved in coordination, who connects one Eu(III) ions in a η1 way, respectively (the second line in Figure 8). The main difference is the coordination environment of Eu(III) ions. As shown in Figure 8, for compound EuPTSbp-1, the Eu(III) ion is coordinated with nine oxygen atoms, two of which belong to sulfonic acid groups of PTS ligands and the other seven oxygen atoms come from coordinated H2O molecule. While the situation is different in compound 1, presumptively owing to the reduction of H2O content in mixed solvents, nitrate ionization becomes difficult in ethanol-rich solvents, leading to partially maintain chelated to Eu(III) ions and occupying two coordination sites. On the other hand, because of the strong coordination effect of hydroxide on rare earth ions [44,45], hydroxide and even O2− ions ionized from H2O molecules bridges with multiple Eu(III) ions in an efficient μ3 even μ6 bridging mode result to form an hexanuclear europium oxygen cluster nod, so that the relatively scarce hydroxides in ethanol-rich solvents can be fully utilized. As a rough estimate, each Eu(III) ion coordinates with seven H2O molecules in EuPTSbp-1, while six Eu(III) ions only share fifteen hydroxide or O2− ions ionized from H2O.
It is worth mentioning that, except for the different ligands and other non-bridged coordination groups such as coordinated water molecules and nitrate ions, the hexanuclear [Eu6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(NO3)6]2+ clusters in compound 1 are almost identical to the lanthanide-based octahedral hexanuclear complexes reported by Guillaume Calvez et al. [46], though different synthesis methods are used. The lanthanide-based octahedral hexanuclear complexes were synthesized by dropwise adding an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to a solution of lanthanide nitrate in a mixture water/ethanol (1:9) while vigorously magnetically stirring. Compared with the synthesis methods in this paper, it is not difficult to find that the reaction products are both obtained in an alkaline mixture water/ethanol solution environment (1:9) in these two different synthetic methods. This is not entirely a coincidence. It is well known that the lanthanide ions are easily hydrolyzed in water-rich environments to form stable polymeric species such as Ln(OH)2NO3, LnONO3, and Ln(OH)3 [47,48,49]. Reacting in an alkaline mixture water/ethanol solution environment seems to be necessary to inhibit the hydration of lanthanide ions.
Furthermore, several derived complexes based on this previous reported lanthanide-based octahedral hexanuclear complexes have been reported [50,51,52,53,54]. In these studies, a sequential synthesis strategy was used by means of substituting coordination groups on the base of pre-synthesized lanthanide-based octahedral hexanuclear complexes, which indicates a new research direction for the optimization of synthesis methods for compound 1 and even for the development of a family of MOCPs constructed by the lanthanide-based octahedral hexanuclear complexes as net nodes.
Furtherly, based on the synthesis conditions of compound 1, the molar ratio of metal/ligands was modulated to be 15:1.25 and the other reaction conditions remain the same. Here, the metal salts are severely excessive in comparison with ligands. The obtained compound 2 turns out to be a 2D layered structure, which is packed by the π−π stacking effect with the help of the 4,4′-bipyridine auxiliary template (Figure 7). Obviously, high concentrations Eu(III) ions cause each PTS ligand coordinate to have six Eu(III) instead of two. It should be noted that all the four sulfonic acid groups of PTS ligand are involved in the coordination to Eu(III) ions, and the coordination modes include η1 and η2-μ2, which highlights the richness and flexibility of the coordination modes of sulfonic acid ligands. It is worth mentioning that the coordination modes of Eu(III) ions are unlike that of the compound 1, which has a hexanuclear europium oxygen cluster, with neither similar than the compound EuPTSbp-1. As a synthetic product in the same solvent ratio with compound 1, chelated nitrate ions still occupies two coordination sites in compound 2, which is the same as the former. Because of the domination of sulfonic acid group coordination and the space steric hindrance effect of PTS ligands, only three coordination sites are left for H2O molecules, which eventually leads to an eight-coordination mode of Eu(III) ion.
In summary, the coordination habit of rare earth ions and the coordination modes of sulfonic acid ligands are both diverse and flexible. Modulating the solvent environment could regulate the coordination modes of rare ions, and modulating the metal/ligands molar ratio could stimulate or inhibit the coordination of sulfonic acid groups of ligands. This allows sequential modulation on the coordination modes of rare-earth metal ions and aryl sulfonate acid ligands, presenting a new way for structure regulation of sulfonic acid coordination polymers.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cryst12121818/s1. Table S1: Nearest metal–metal distance and main bond length and bond angle in compound 1; Table S2: Nearest metal–metal distance and main bond length and bond angle in compound 2; Figure S1: ORTEP representation of the asymmetric unit of compound 1; Figure S2: Topological diagram for compound 1; Figure S3: ORTEP representation of the asymmetric unit of compound 2.

Author Contributions

H.L. conceived the idea, carried out the experimentation, and supervised the project. H.L. and X.S. wrote the draft of the manuscript and revised the manuscript with comments from J.F. and W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

W.Z. would like to acknowledge the support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (021114380183, 021114380189, 021114380199), the Research Funds from Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling of Nanjing University, and Research Funds for Jiangsu Distinguished Professor. This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272138, 81971738); Jiangsu Province Outstanding Youth Fund (BK20220086); Double first class Fund, China Pharmaceutical University (CPUQNJC22_03); the Project Program of Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University (DQCP20/21MS02); the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (21KJB510005); and Research Foundation of NJUIT (YK20-12-01).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 12 01818 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Coordination environment of the Eu(III) ions in compound 1; (b) hexanuclear Eu(III)-O clusters in compound 1. Symmetry codes: (A) −x + 2, −y+4, −z + 2; (B) −x + 3, −y + 4, −z + 1 (the C atoms and H atoms were omitted for clarity).
Figure 1. (a) Coordination environment of the Eu(III) ions in compound 1; (b) hexanuclear Eu(III)-O clusters in compound 1. Symmetry codes: (A) −x + 2, −y+4, −z + 2; (B) −x + 3, −y + 4, −z + 1 (the C atoms and H atoms were omitted for clarity).
Crystals 12 01818 g001
Crystals 12 01818 g002 550
Figure 2. One-dimensional chain-like structure in compound 1.
Figure 2. One-dimensional chain-like structure in compound 1.
Crystals 12 01818 g002
Crystals 12 01818 g003 550
Figure 3. The packed chain-like structure in compound 1 along the a direction.
Figure 3. The packed chain-like structure in compound 1 along the a direction.
Crystals 12 01818 g003
Crystals 12 01818 g004 550
Figure 4. Coordination environment of the Eu(III) ions in compound 2. Symmetry codes: (A) x, y, z − 1; (B) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z; (C) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1 (the H atoms were omitted for clarity).
Figure 4. Coordination environment of the Eu(III) ions in compound 2. Symmetry codes: (A) x, y, z − 1; (B) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z; (C) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1 (the H atoms were omitted for clarity).
Crystals 12 01818 g004
Crystals 12 01818 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) Two-dimensional layered structure and (b) corresponding topological diagram in compound 2.
Figure 5. (a) Two-dimensional layered structure and (b) corresponding topological diagram in compound 2.
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Crystals 12 01818 g006 550
Figure 6. The packing structure in compound 2.
Figure 6. The packing structure in compound 2.
Crystals 12 01818 g006
Crystals 12 01818 g007 550
Figure 7. The structure regulation schematic diagram from EuPTSbp-1 through 1 to 2.
Figure 7. The structure regulation schematic diagram from EuPTSbp-1 through 1 to 2.
Crystals 12 01818 g007
Crystals 12 01818 g008 550
Figure 8. The coordination modes of Eu(III) ions and of pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligands in three different Eu-PTS MOCPs. Jasper: Eu; Red: O; Yellow: S; Blue: N; Offwhite: C (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity).
Figure 8. The coordination modes of Eu(III) ions and of pyrene tetra-sulfonic acid ligands in three different Eu-PTS MOCPs. Jasper: Eu; Red: O; Yellow: S; Blue: N; Offwhite: C (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity).
Crystals 12 01818 g008
Table
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement parameters for compounds 1–2.
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement parameters for compounds 1–2.
Compounds12
Empirical formulaC16H36O49N6S4Eu6 *C13H13O12N2S2Eu
Formula weight2136.51605.33
Color and habitColorless PrismColorless Flake
Crystal systemTriclinicTriclinic
Space groupP-1P-1
a (Å)9.658(11)7.376(5)
b (Å)10.668(14)11.682(9)
c (Å)17.12(2)11.757(9)
α (°)89.46(4)110.813(10)
β (°)82.75(5)104.856(9)
γ (°)81.24(3)95.367(3)
V (Å3)1729(4)896.0(12)
Z12
Dc (g cm−3)2.0522.244
μ (mm−1)5.5783.806
F (000)1008592
θ range (°)3.02 to 27.422.96 to 27.53
h, k, l, ranges−12 to 12,−9 to 9,
−13 to 13, −15 to 15,
−21 to 21−15 to 15
T/K153(2)153(2)
R1, a wR2b [I > 2σ(I)]0.0868, 0.23940.0479, 0.1118
GOF on F21.0080.993
a R 1 = ∑ F o − F c / ∑ F o . b w R 2 =   [ ∑ w F o 2 − F c 2 2 / ∑ w F o 2 2 ] 1 / 2 . * The listed parameters do not take into account the full chemistry of compound 1.
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Li, H.; Sun, X.; Fu, J.; Zhu, W. Two Novel Pyrene Tetra-Sulfonate Europium Coordination Polymers: Structure Formation Mechanism Analysis and Sequential Modulation Strategy. Crystals 2022, 12, 1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121818

AMA Style

Li H, Sun X, Fu J, Zhu W. Two Novel Pyrene Tetra-Sulfonate Europium Coordination Polymers: Structure Formation Mechanism Analysis and Sequential Modulation Strategy. Crystals. 2022; 12(12):1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121818

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Haoran, Xiaolian Sun, Jiaju Fu, and Wenlei Zhu. 2022. "Two Novel Pyrene Tetra-Sulfonate Europium Coordination Polymers: Structure Formation Mechanism Analysis and Sequential Modulation Strategy" Crystals 12, no. 12: 1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121818

APA Style

Li, H., Sun, X., Fu, J., & Zhu, W. (2022). Two Novel Pyrene Tetra-Sulfonate Europium Coordination Polymers: Structure Formation Mechanism Analysis and Sequential Modulation Strategy. Crystals, 12(12), 1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121818

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