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Volume 15
Issue 5
10.3390/cryst15050405
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Polyvinyl Alcohol–Polyethylene Glycol Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Electronic Nose Sensor for Seafood Monitoring

by
Baliram Nadekar
1,
Pravin S. More
1,*,
Sadaf Jamal Gilani
2,
Yogesh B. Khollam
3,
Ahmad Umar
4,
Abu ul Hassan S. Rana
5,* and
Marimuthu Palaniswami
5
1
Nanomaterials application laboratory, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, Mumbai 400032, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Physics, Baburaoji Gholap College, Sangvi, Pune 411027, Maharashtra, India
4
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
5
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2025, 15(5), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050405
Submission received: 20 March 2025 / Revised: 22 April 2025 / Accepted: 22 April 2025 / Published: 25 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoelectronics and Bioelectronics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study explores the development of an electronic nose (E-nose) sensor for fish freshness based on a composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The sensor leverages the unique properties of the PVA-PEG polymer matrix, such as its flexibility and moisture responsiveness, in combination with the electrical conductivity of rGO. The PVA-PEG/rGO composite was synthesized through a low-temperature embedding process to ensure the preservation of sensitive biomolecules and prevent thermal degradation. This sensor demonstrates high sensitivity to volatile amines released during fish spoilage, providing real-time food monitoring to maintain freshness. Electrical resistance changes in the rGO network, influenced by the polymer’s interaction with spoilage gases, were correlated with fish freshness levels. The low cost, easy fabrication, and environmentally friendly nature of the PVA-PEG/rGO E-nose sensor make it a promising candidate for use in packaging or direct contact with fish products in the food industry. This study highlights the potential for extending shelf life and reducing food waste through rapid spoilage detection.
Keywords: low-temperature; polyvinyl alcohol–polyethylene glycol; reduced graphene oxide; gas sensor; electronic nose; fish freshness indicator low-temperature; polyvinyl alcohol–polyethylene glycol; reduced graphene oxide; gas sensor; electronic nose; fish freshness indicator

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Nadekar, B.; More, P.S.; Gilani, S.J.; Khollam, Y.B.; Umar, A.; Rana, A.u.H.S.; Palaniswami, M. Polyvinyl Alcohol–Polyethylene Glycol Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Electronic Nose Sensor for Seafood Monitoring. Crystals 2025, 15, 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050405

AMA Style

Nadekar B, More PS, Gilani SJ, Khollam YB, Umar A, Rana AuHS, Palaniswami M. Polyvinyl Alcohol–Polyethylene Glycol Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Electronic Nose Sensor for Seafood Monitoring. Crystals. 2025; 15(5):405. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050405

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadekar, Baliram, Pravin S. More, Sadaf Jamal Gilani, Yogesh B. Khollam, Ahmad Umar, Abu ul Hassan S. Rana, and Marimuthu Palaniswami. 2025. "Polyvinyl Alcohol–Polyethylene Glycol Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Electronic Nose Sensor for Seafood Monitoring" Crystals 15, no. 5: 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050405

APA Style

Nadekar, B., More, P. S., Gilani, S. J., Khollam, Y. B., Umar, A., Rana, A. u. H. S., & Palaniswami, M. (2025). Polyvinyl Alcohol–Polyethylene Glycol Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Electronic Nose Sensor for Seafood Monitoring. Crystals, 15(5), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050405

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