Wood-PHA Composites: Mapping Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PHA and Wood-PHA Composites
2.1. PHA and Its Commercialisation
2.2. Wood-PHA Composites as Novel WPCs
3. Markets and Production Capacities for Wood-PHA Composites
3.1. Applications and Markets for Wood-PHA Composites
3.2. Production Capacities for PHA and Wood-PHA Composites
4. Economic Assessment of Wood-PHA Composites
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tensile Strength 1 (MPa) | Tensile Modulus 1 (GPa) | Strain at Failure 1 (%) | Impact Strength 2 (kJ/m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure PHA: Commercially available | ||||
PHBV ENMATTM Y1000 (2% HV content) | 30 | 2.8 | 8.0 | - |
WPCs: In development | ||||
Wood-PHA Composites (PHBV + 50% wood content) | 27 | 6.1 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
WPCs: Commercially available | ||||
FKUR—Fibrolon® P7550 (PP + 50% wood content) | 22 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 7.9 |
FKUR—Fibrolon® F8530 (PLA + 50% wood content) | 34 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 11.7 |
Jeluplast—PP H50-500-14 (PP + 50% wood content) | 32 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 10.6 |
Company | Country | Capacity (t/year) | Feedstock | Brand Name | PHA Type | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newlight Technologies | USA | 23,000 | Biogas and CO2 | AirCarbon™ | n.r. | [5,31] |
Danimer Scientific (previously MHG) | USA | 13,600 | Canola oil | Nodax™ | n.r. | [5,43] |
Bio-On | Italy | 10,000 | Sugar beet and cane | Minerv® | PHB, PHBV | [47,52] |
Tianjin GreenBio Materials | China | 10,000 | Sugars | SoGreen™ | P(3HB-co-4HB) | [46] |
Ecomann Biotechnology | China | 3000 | Sugars | AmBio® | n.r. | [47] |
TianAn Biopolymers | China | 2000 | Corn Sugar | ENMAT™ | P3HB, PHBV | [48] |
Kaneka | Japan | 1000 | Vegetable oil | Aonilex® | PHH | [47] |
PHB Industrial S. A. | Brazil | 500 | Sugar cane | Biocycle® | P3HB, PHBV | [52,53,54] |
Biomer | Germany | 500 | Corn starch | Biomer® | P3HB | [52] |
Tepha Inc. | USA | <10 | Sugars, 4HB precursors | TephaFLEX® | P4HB, P(3HB-co-4HB) | [5,52] |
PolyFerm Canada | Canada | <10 | Vegetable oils, sugars | VersaMerTM | PHOHHx, PHNHHp, | [5,52] |
Terra Verdae Bioworks | Canada | n.r | Methanol | - | n.r | [55] |
Yield10 Bioscience (previously, Metabolix 1, Monsanto, Zeneca) | USA | n.r. | Corn sugar | Mirel™ | P3HB | [5,10] |
Mango Materials | USA | n.r | Methane | - | PHB | [56] |
SIRIM | Malaysia | n.r. | Palm Oil | - | n.r. | [57] |
Neat PHA Product | Standard Wood-PHA Composite Product | Low PHA-Content Wood-PHA Composite Product | |
---|---|---|---|
Materials | |||
Composition of raw material by weight | 100 wt % PHA | 50 wt % PHA 50 wt % wood fibres | 40 wt % PHA 60 wt % fibres |
Cost of raw material (US$/kg) | 7 US$/kg | 3.7 US$/kg (53% of initial cost) | 3.0 US$/kg (43% of initial cost) |
Final Product | |||
Density of raw material (g/cm3) | 1.25 g/cm3 | 1.11 g/cm3 | 1.08 g/cm3 |
Composition of final product by volume | 100 vol % PHA | 44.4 vol % PHA 55.6 vol % wood fibres | 34.8 vol % PHA 65.2 vol % wood fibres |
Cost of a final product of equal volume (800 cm3) | 7 US$ | 3.3 US$ (47% of neat PHA cost) | 2.6 US$ (37% of neat PHA cost) |
Cost of a final product of equal stiffness | 7 US$ | 1.5 US$ (21% of neat PHA cost) | <1.5 US$ |
Specific Tensile Strength (kN·m/kg) | Specific Tensile Modulus (MN·m/kg) | Specific Strain at Failure (%·m3/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|
PHA ENMATTM | 24 | 2.2 | 6.4 |
Wood-PHA Composites (PHBV + 50% wood content) | 24 | 5.5 | 0.9 |
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Vandi, L.-J.; Chan, C.M.; Werker, A.; Richardson, D.; Laycock, B.; Pratt, S. Wood-PHA Composites: Mapping Opportunities. Polymers 2018, 10, 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070751
Vandi L-J, Chan CM, Werker A, Richardson D, Laycock B, Pratt S. Wood-PHA Composites: Mapping Opportunities. Polymers. 2018; 10(7):751. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070751
Chicago/Turabian StyleVandi, Luigi-Jules, Clement Matthew Chan, Alan Werker, Des Richardson, Bronwyn Laycock, and Steven Pratt. 2018. "Wood-PHA Composites: Mapping Opportunities" Polymers 10, no. 7: 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070751