Furfuryl Alcohol and Lactic Acid Blends: Homo- or Co-Polymerization?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of PFA–PLA Polymers
2.3. Bending Test
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.5. Solubility Tests
2.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG)
2.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.8. FT-IR Spectroscopy
2.9. Solid State 13C–NMR Spectroscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation Method
3.2. Bending Tests
3.3. SEM Analysis
3.4. Solubility Tests
3.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.7. FT-IR Spectroscopy
3.8. Solid State 13C–NMR
4. Conclusions
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- Bending resistance of the formulations was enhanced and as soon as small amounts of FA were added, the formulation became rigid, producing sudden ruptures.
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- The SEM micrographs of the mixed formulations showed patterns of both homopolymers.
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- Higher furanic character then expected was observed for the formulations F/L 25/75 when exposed to water solubility test, TG and DSC analyses.
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- Sensibly higher resistance to chloroform then expected (>25%) was observed for all the mixed formulations.
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- No evidences of co-polymerization could be observed in FT-IR, while a small shoulder signal at 175 ppm in the 13C–NMR spectra of the mixed formulations reinforced the thesis of possible copolymerization occurrence.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Label | Furfuryl Alcohol (%) | Lactic Acid (%) | Bending Resistance (MoR) 1 (N/mm2) | Solubility in Water (%) 1 | Solubility in Chloroform (%) 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFA−2 | 100 | 0 | 13.7 (5.6) | 2.36 (1.08) | 1.23 (0.20) |
F/L 75/25 | 75 | 25 | 28.1 (6.3) | 1.55 (0.89) | 18.46 (0.21) |
F/L 50/50 | 50 | 50 | 25.4 (1.9) | 2.05 (1.04) | 31.15 (0.83) |
F/L 25/75 | 25 | 75 | 7.2 (0.3) | 2.33 (1.44) | 55.45 (3.20) |
PLA | 0 | 100 | Elastic | 9.12 (13.42) | 98.29 (2.37) |
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Sommerauer, L.; Grzybek, J.; Elsaesser, M.S.; Benisek, A.; Sepperer, T.; Dachs, E.; Hüsing, N.; Petutschnigg, A.; Tondi, G. Furfuryl Alcohol and Lactic Acid Blends: Homo- or Co-Polymerization? Polymers 2019, 11, 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101533
Sommerauer L, Grzybek J, Elsaesser MS, Benisek A, Sepperer T, Dachs E, Hüsing N, Petutschnigg A, Tondi G. Furfuryl Alcohol and Lactic Acid Blends: Homo- or Co-Polymerization? Polymers. 2019; 11(10):1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101533
Chicago/Turabian StyleSommerauer, Lukas, Jakub Grzybek, Michael S. Elsaesser, Artur Benisek, Thomas Sepperer, Edgar Dachs, Nicola Hüsing, Alexander Petutschnigg, and Gianluca Tondi. 2019. "Furfuryl Alcohol and Lactic Acid Blends: Homo- or Co-Polymerization?" Polymers 11, no. 10: 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101533