Gellan Gum-Based Hydrogel for the Transdermal Delivery of Nebivolol: Optimization and Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. HPLC Determination of Nebivolol
2.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.4. Formulation of Design Batches Using 23 Full Factorial
2.5. Evaluation of Gels
2.5.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.5.2. Drug Content
2.6. Drug Release
2.7. Ex Vivo Permeation
2.8. In Vivo Studies
2.9. Stability Studies
2.10. Skin Irritation
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. FTIR Spectroscopy
3.2. Physicochemical Properties of Gels
3.3. DSC
3.4. The Effect of Formulation Variables on Viscosity
3.5. Effect of Formulation Variables on Drug Release
3.6. Effect of Formulation Variables on Ex Vivo Permeation
3.7. In Vivo Studies
3.8. Stability and Skin Irritation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Formulations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | |
Nebivolol HCl (mg) | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
Gellan gum (mg) | 300 | 600 | 300 | 600 | 300 | 600 | 300 | 600 |
Carbopol (mg) | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
Polyethylene glycol 400 (µL) | 15 | 20 | 25 | 40 | 10 | 35 | 20 | 35 |
Tween 80 (mL) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ethanol (mL) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Water up to (mL) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Evaluation Parameters | Formulations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | |
pH | 5.69 ± 0.28 | 5.58 ± 0.35 | 5.78 ± 0.41 | 6.12 ± 0.25 | 6.9 ± 0.34 | 7.02 ± 0.29 | 7.1 ± 0.15 | 7.14 ± 0.22 |
Viscosity (centi poise) | 14,281 ± 189 | 18,374 ± 224 | 12,993 ± 175 | 17,451 ± 152 | 9872 ± 80 | 11,221 ± 94 | 8943 ± 116 | 11,351 ± 127 |
Drug content (mg/g) * | 2.41 ± 0.04 | 2.47 ± 0.06 | 2.49 ± 0.09 | 2.43 ± 0.05 | 2.45 ± 0.02 | 2.42 ± 0.04 | 2.47 ± 0.05 | 2.46 ± 0.06 |
Formulations | Factors | Model Name | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zero order | First order | Higuchi | Korsmeyer – Peppas | Weibull Model | ||
F1 | r2 | 0.8080 | 0.9963 | 0.9703 | 0.9601 | 0.9989 |
SSR | 1353.74 | 39.66 | 209.26 | 130.11 | 0.88 | |
FR | 338.44 | 9.91 | 52.32 | 32.53 | 0.22 | |
F2 | r2 | 0.9633 | 0.9909 | 0.9723 | 0.9915 | 0.9975 |
SSR | 231.14 | 135.18 | 174.73 | 76.12 | 6.13 | |
FR | 57.79 | 33.79 | 43.68 | 19.03 | 1.53 | |
F3 | r2 | 0.7887 | 0.9855 | 0.9608 | 0.9469 | 0.9951 |
SSR | 1481.09 | 183.99 | 274.79 | 171.99 | 6.36 | |
FR | 370.27 | 45.99 | 68.70 | 43.00 | 1.59 | |
F4 | r2 | 0.9559 | 0.9905 | 0.9733 | 0.9849 | 0.9992 |
SSR | 293.39 | 173.67 | 177.92 | 117.83 | 3.02 | |
FR | 73.35 | 43.42 | 44.48 | 29.46 | 0.75 | |
F5 | r2 | 0.7481 | 0.9600 | 0.9374 | 0.8979 | 0.9778 |
SSR | 1868.63 | 413.18 | 464.57 | 313.73 | 30.92 | |
FR | 467.16 | 103.29 | 116.14 | 78.43 | 7.73 | |
F6 | r2 | 0.9163 | 0.9984 | 0.9828 | 0.9721 | 0.9998 |
SSR | 565.37 | 32.12 | 116.34 | 158.36 | 0.7015 | |
FR | 141.34 | 8.03 | 29.08 | 39.59 | 0.1754 | |
F7 | r2 | 0.7174 | 0.9753 | 0.9228 | 0.8733 | 0.9828 |
SSR | 2147.59 | 365.13 | 586.63 | 319.66 | 30.66 | |
FR | 536.90 | 91.28 | 146.66 | 79.90 | 7.67 | |
F8 | r2 | 0.9401 | 0.9863 | 0.9751 | 0.9841 | 0.9886 |
SSR | 428.25 | 350.90 | 177.81 | 131.89 | 32.94 | |
FR | 107.06 | 87.72 | 44.45 | 32.97 | 8.24 |
Formulations | Lag time (h) | Flux (µg/cm2/h) | Cumulative Amount Permeated (12 h) (µg/cm2) | Permeability Coefficient (cm/h ×10−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 0.46 ± 0.21 | 28.94 ± 2.66 | 160.15 ± 20.91 | 2.67 ± 0.39 |
F2 | 0.66 ± 0.29 | 17.30 ± 1.46 | 94.11 ± 24.02 | 1.57 ± 0.25 |
F3 | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 27.14 ± 2.52 | 153.14 ± 35.51 | 2.55 ± 0.32 |
F4 | 0.75 ± 0.22 | 19.25 ± 2.13 | 101.97 ± 29.75 | 1.70 ± 0.21 |
F5 | 0.35 ± 0.16 | 30.17 ± 3.56 | 170.37 ± 27.02 | 2.84 ± 0.45 |
F6 | 0.67 ± 0.30 | 20.95 ± 2.42 | 112.38 ± 22.09 | 1.87 ± 0.29 |
F7 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 30.86 ± 4.08 | 177.76 ± 21.76 | 2.96 ± 0.22 |
F8 | 0.73 ± 0.25 | 22.05 ± 2.48 | 121.20 ± 31.51 | 2.02 ± 0.19 |
Parameter | Transdermal Gel (F7) | Oral Suspension |
---|---|---|
Tmax (h) | 4 | 2 |
Cmax (ng/mL) | 51.56 ± 5.41 | 60.95 ± 15.06 |
AUC0-α (ng.h/mL) | 986.52 ± 382.63* | 422.90 ± 192.64 |
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Nair, A.B.; Shah, J.; Aljaeid, B.M.; Al-Dhubiab, B.E.; Jacob, S. Gellan Gum-Based Hydrogel for the Transdermal Delivery of Nebivolol: Optimization and Evaluation. Polymers 2019, 11, 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101699
Nair AB, Shah J, Aljaeid BM, Al-Dhubiab BE, Jacob S. Gellan Gum-Based Hydrogel for the Transdermal Delivery of Nebivolol: Optimization and Evaluation. Polymers. 2019; 11(10):1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101699
Chicago/Turabian StyleNair, Anroop B., Jigar Shah, Bader M. Aljaeid, Bandar E. Al-Dhubiab, and Shery Jacob. 2019. "Gellan Gum-Based Hydrogel for the Transdermal Delivery of Nebivolol: Optimization and Evaluation" Polymers 11, no. 10: 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101699
APA StyleNair, A. B., Shah, J., Aljaeid, B. M., Al-Dhubiab, B. E., & Jacob, S. (2019). Gellan Gum-Based Hydrogel for the Transdermal Delivery of Nebivolol: Optimization and Evaluation. Polymers, 11(10), 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101699