Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History and Characteristics of Gelatin Microsphere
2.1. Early Adopters
2.2. Characteristics of Gelatin Microsphere
2.2.1. Morphology and Size
2.2.2. Biodegradation
2.2.3. Biocompatibility
2.2.4. Stability
2.3. Fabrication of Gelatin Microsphere
2.3.1. Desolvation
2.3.2. Coacervation Phase Separation
2.3.3. Electric-Field-Assisted Precision Particle Fabrication
2.3.4. Water-in-Oil Emulsification
3. Gelatin Microsphere as an Intraarticular Drug Delivery System
4. Gelatin Microsphere in Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications
4.1. Cells Delivery
4.2. Biologics Delivery
4.2.1. Basic-Fibroblast Growth Factor
4.2.2. Platelet-Rich Plasma
4.2.3. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1
4.2.4. Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
4.3. Biologics Delivery within Cartilage Constructs
5. Gelatin Microsphere Effect on Chondrocyte Behavior
5.1. Cell Proliferation
5.2. Chondrogenic Differentiation
6. Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Model | Agent | Analysis | Conclusion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell delivery | Tan et al. 2009 [24] | in vitro | GM + Chondrocytes | Cell viability assay Biochemical analysis (GAG) | GM with PLGA facilitated chondrocytes adhesion, proliferation, and viability. GM with PLGA improved GAG secretion. |
Leong et al. 2013 [30] | in vitro | GM + Chondrocytes | Cell viability assay sGAG/DNA analysis Gene Expression (collagen type 2, GAG) Histology IHC | GM promoted cellular proliferation. GM increased the expression of collagen type 2 and GAG. | |
Cruz et al. 2013 [33] | in vitro | GM + Chondrocytes | Cell viability assay Immunofluorescence (collagen type 1 and aggrecan) Biochemical analysis (collagen type I, GAG) | GM promoted cellular proliferation. | |
Xu et al. 2019 [55] | in vitro | PCL scaffold + bone marrow MSC + alginate-GM | Cell viability and proliferation sGAG/DNA analysis Gene expression Histologic analysis Mechanical test | Alginate-GM promoted cell proliferation and supported the chondrogenesis of MSC. | |
Sulaiman et al. 2020 [56] | in vitro | GM + bone marrow MSC | Cell viability assay sGAG/DNA analysis Immunofluorescence (collagen type II) Gene expression Biochemical analysis (GAG) | GM increased proliferation and chondrogenesis of MSC. | |
Miyakoshi et al. 2005 [47] | in vivo (osteochondral defect) | GM + bFGF | Gross morphology Histologic analysis | GM + bFGF resulted in better subchondral bone restoration (not significant). | |
Inoue et al. 2006 [36] | in vivo (osteoarthritis) | GM + bFGF | ECM gene expression Gross morphology Histologic analysis | GM + bFGF reduced the progression of OA. | |
Biologics delivery | Nagae et al. 2007 [49] | in vivo (intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration) | GM + PRP | Histologic analysis IHC (proteoglycan) | GM + PRP suppressed the progress of IVD degeneration. |
Saito et al. 2009 [50] | in vivo (osteoarthritis) | GM + PRP | sGAG/DNA analysis Gene expression (ECM protein) Gross morphology Histological analysis | GM + PRP increased the expression of proteoglycan (ECM protein). GM + PRP suppressed the progression of OA. | |
Kuroda et al. 2010 [48] | in vivo (osteoarthritis) | GM + bFGF | Gross Morphology Histologic analysis Radiological analysis | GM + bFGF promoted repair of OA, inhibited OA progression. GM + bFGF group has lower Mankin score. | |
Kudva et al. 2019 [51] | in vitro | GM + TGF-β1 | sGAG/DNA analysis Biochemical analysis (collagen type I, II, GAG) Histologic analysis IHC | GM + TGF-β1 promoted chondrogenesis of human periosteum-derived cells. | |
Hart et al. 2020 [52] | in vitro | GM + IL-4, IL-10, IL013 | Cell viability assay Drug-released study Biochemical analysis (Nitric oxide, Nitrite) | GM loaded with interleukins (IL-4, IL-10, IL013) dramatically reduced inflammation of chondrocytes by 65-80%. | |
Biologics delivery in tissue scaffold | Park et al. 2005 [38] | in vitro | OPF scaffold + chondrocytes + GM+TGF-β1 | sGAG/DNA analysis Histologic analysis (safranin O) | GM+ TGF-β1 increased cellular proliferation of chondrocytes. |
Fan et al. 2006 [19] | in vivo (full-thickness defect) | GCH scaffold + MSC + GM+TGF-β1 | Histological analysis Gross morphology | GM+ TGF-β1 promoted tissue integration of MSC. GM+ TGF-β1 showed better chondrocyte morphology while forming new cartilage layer. | |
Fan et al. 2006 [52] | in vivo | GCH scaffold + MSC + GM+TGF-β1 | GAG/DNA Histological analysis of ectopic cartilage | GM+ TGF-β1 increased chondral differentiation of MSC GM+ TGF-β1 increased cellular proliferation of MSC and GAG synthesis. | |
Fan et al. 2007 [53] | in vivo (full-thickness defect) | PLGA-GCH scaffold + MSC + GM+TGF-β1 | Cell proliferation sGAG/DNA analysis Histological analysis Gross morphology | GM+ TGF-β1 increased cellular proliferation of MSC and GAG synthesis GM+ TGF-β1 promoted tissue integration of MSC. | |
Deng et al. 2007 [60] | in vivo (full-thickness defect) | GCH scaffold + chondrocytes + GM+bFGF | Macroscopic observation Histologic analysis | GM+bFGF promoted the retention of chondrocytes and formed cartilaginous tissue in the defect. | |
Yin et al. 2015 [20] | in vivo | PLGA scaffold + adipose MSC + GM+TGF-β1 | sGAG/DNA analysis Histologic analysis | GM+TGF-β1 achieved better cartilage regeneration in defective articular cartilage. GM+TGF-β1 increased production of ECM protein. |
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Sulaiman, S.B.; Idrus, R.B.H.; Hwei, N.M. Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies. Polymers 2020, 12, 2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102404
Sulaiman SB, Idrus RBH, Hwei NM. Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies. Polymers. 2020; 12(10):2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102404
Chicago/Turabian StyleSulaiman, Shamsul Bin, Ruszymah Binti Haji Idrus, and Ng Min Hwei. 2020. "Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies" Polymers 12, no. 10: 2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102404