Next Article in Journal
Photosensitive Poly-l-lysine/Heparin Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes for Delivery of Genetic Drugs
Previous Article in Journal
Poly (vinyl alcohol)/β-Cyclodextrin Composite Fiber with Good Flame Retardant and Super-Smoke Suppression Properties
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Polymers
Volume 12
Issue 5
10.3390/polym12051076
polymers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Stable Non-Covalent Co(Salphen)-Based Polymeric Catalyst for Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol

by
Weijie Zhang
,
Lingling Hu
,
He Zhang
,
Chunyue Pan
* and
Juntao Tang
*
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051076
Submission received: 12 April 2020 / Revised: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 May 2020 / Published: 8 May 2020
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Developing highly efficient catalyst systems for phenol–quinone transformation is of great significance in the chemical/biological industries. Herein, we reported a novel heterogenous catalytic system based on Co(Salphen) supramolecular polymers (CSP), which delivered an excellent catalytic performance in the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) under mild conditions. The CSP were constructed through a simple self-assembled process between BiCo(Salphen) complex and 4,4-dipyridine. By applying BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP as the catalyst, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TMBQ) could be obtained with an excellent conversion (>99%) and selectivity over 99% under mild reaction conditions (30 °C, 0.1 MPa). In addition, it can be recycled at least five times without substantial decline in catalytic activities (conversion and selectivity), suggesting its excellent stability and recyclability. This work may provide guidance on designing and building valuable catalysts for environmentally friendly and cost-effective oxidation reactions.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Vitamin E is a valuable lipid-soluble antioxidant in the body, and its annual demands have exceeded more than 30,000 tons around the world [1]. The key intermediate to synthesize vitamin E is 2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TMBQ) and is usually obtained from the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) [2,3,4,5,6]. Traditional methods were usually conducted in the presence of stoichiometric metallic oxidants and strong acid, which unfortunately generated large quantities of oxidized byproducts and harmful wastes [7,8,9,10]. Alternatively, developing cost-effective and environmentally friendly catalytic routes has attracted increased attention. A variety of catalytic systems based on “green” or environmentally benign oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide [6,11,12,13,14,15,16] or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) [17,18] have been employed. For example, H2O2 has been utilized by Kholdeeva and Selvaraj et al. to oxidize TMP by applying the mesoporous titanosilicate catalysts which could selectively afford TMBQ in 99% yield with almost 100% conversion at 353 K for 60 min [15,19]. Recently, Kholdeeva et al. designed a novel heterogeneous reaction pathway (a carbon nanotube-loaded divanadium-substituted γ-Keggin polyoxotungstate) and employed H2O2 as an oxidant for oxidation of TMP, where TMBQ could be obtained in a quantitative yield [15]. Su et al. developed a metal-free heterogeneous catalytic system for selective oxidation of TMP in the presence of TBHP, where the designed catalysts exhibited excellent conversion (>99%) and high selectivity (>99%) in oxidizing TMP to TMBQ [18].
It should be noted that when considering the environmental impact and atom efficiency, searching for a catalytic system using sustainable molecular oxygen is more promising [20,21,22,23]. Currently, one step oxidation of TMP with molecular oxygen using a copper chloride catalyst has been widely employed for synthesizing TMBQ, which could afford a yield up to 86.5% [24]. To further improve the efficiency, two phase medium (alcohol/water) or cocatalysts including hydroxylamine hydrochloride and lithium chloride were introduced [6]. However, the apparent drawbacks such as the formation of Cl-contaminated byproducts and the requirement for corrosion-resistant apparatus limited their practical implementation. Transition metal coordination compounds have long been known as another type of catalysts for oxidation of substituted phenols to quinones in the presence of molecular oxygen, but they are still suffering from issues including metal leaching, low oxidant utilization efficiency and poor recyclability [2,7,8,9,22]. Thus, developing heterogeneous catalysts which could activate molecular oxygen to selectively oxidize TMP with high efficiency remains highly desirable. To the best of our knowledge, limited studies have been conducted regarding this aspect to date [2].
Motivated by biological systems, supramolecular polymers assembled by non-covalent interactions have attracted increasing attention toward developing them as catalysts for complex transformations in recent decades [25,26]. Compared to polymeric materials connected via strong covalent bonds, they can be conveniently prepared without tedious synthesis. In addition to benefiting from adjustability of the building blocks and active metal centers, metal–supramolecular polymers could also be developed for specific heterogeneous catalytic applications [27,28]. In this work, two supramolecular catalysts (BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP) were constructed from BiCo(Salphen) complex and 4,4-dipyridine (Scheme 1). On one hand, the self-assembled supramolecular catalysts could be readily recovered by simple separation techniques, circumventing inferior ones such as recycling and reusing of homogeneous Salphen complex in practical applications. This is instrumental in reducing the cost of expensive precious metals, especially where the price is greatly affected by market fluctuations. On the other hand, the active catalytic centers were distinctively separated by rigid linkers, and hence, the reactant or substrate accessibility were greatly improved. The selective oxidation of TMP to TMBQ by employing the as-prepared catalysts was evaluated using oxygen as a “green” oxidant under various reaction conditions. Furthermore, the advantages of the supramolecular polymers, in terms of catalytic performance and recyclability over traditional homogenous catalyst and other immobilized ones, have been demonstrated. Compared to homogeneous catalytic systems, the designed Co(Salphen) supramolecular polymer (CSP) catalyst showed promising potentials in industrial application with good recyclability, simplicity (easy operation and separation) and environmental friendliness. We anticipated that this work could provide some guidance on establishing a simple but new design strategy to develop highly efficient catalysts for selective oxidation of phenols.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials

We purchased 3,3-Diaminobenzidine, salicylaldehyde, 4,4-dipyridine, Co(OAc)2·4H2O, 1,2-diaminobenzene, pyridine, 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, other solvents and reagents were purchased from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China) and used them as received without purifications.

2.2. Preparation of BiSalphen

To a suspension of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (1.0 g, 4.67 mmol) in methanol (150 mL), the solution of salicylaldehyde (2.74 g, 22.4 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was added dropwise under N2 atmosphere and stirred at 80 °C for 24 h. The resulting precipitate was filtrated and washed with methanol, and then pure product was obtained by recrystallization from hot tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a yield of 91% (4.9 g) and applied in the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): δ 13.05–13.00 (d, J = 20 Hz, 4H), 8.73–8.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.61–7.35 (m, 14H) and 7.07–6.94 (m, 8H) ppm. 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): δ 164.3, 163.5, 161.4, 143.3, 141.8, 139.5, 133.6, 132.5, 132.4, 125.9,120.2, 119.1, 118.4 and 117.6 ppm.

2.3. Synthesis of BiCo(Salphen)

To a solution of BiSalphen (251 mg, 0.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL), the solution of Co(OAc)2·4H2O (238 mg, 0.95mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was added dropwise under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The resulting precipitate was filtrated and washed with methanol (30 mL*3), and dried on vacuum to afford BiCo(Salphen) as brown red powder (2.62 g, 89%). A peak at 745.00 corresponding to [M + H]1+ for BiCo(Salphen) was detected by high-resolution mass spectrum (HRMS) measurements (Figure S1 in the Supplementary Materials).

2.4. Synthesis of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP

A suspension of BiCo(Salphen) (100 mg, 0.13 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (150 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 3 h. Afterward, 4,4-dipyridine (21 mg, 0.13 mmol) was added and stirring of the mixture continued for 48 h. After the mixture was cooled to room temperature, the precipitate was isolated by filtration and extracted with THF and methanol for 24 h, respectively. Finally, the solid was dried at 60 °C for 24 h under vacuum to afford dark brown powder (62 mg, 51%). The synthetic procedure for BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP was the same as BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP with the addition of four equivalents of pyridine.

2.5. Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol

Typical reaction conditions were as follows: The mixture of TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), catalysts (10.0 mg) and methanol (2.0 mL) was stirred under O2 atmosphere at 30 °C for 12 h. The reaction took place in a high pressure reaction kettle (25 mL) with the oxygen pressure set up at 1.0 MPa. In cycling tests, the catalyst was separated by high-speed centrifugation and washed with methanol, dried and used in the next cycle. The reaction kinetic curves were obtained by five parallel experiments. The products were identified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR.

2.6. Instruments

1H and 13C NMR spectra were obtained on Bruker AM-400 MHz (Leiderdorp, The Netherlands). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were collected on a V Nicolet 6700 FTIR (Nicolet Co., Nicolet, MN, USA). UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded using a UV 765 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the sample was measured on a D/max 2550 diffractometer in the 5–40° region (2°/min) (Rigaku Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The HRMS mass spectral analysis was performed by a QStar Elite (Applied Biosystems SCIEX) mass spectrometer (AB Sciex, Toronto, Canada). Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed under N2 (Mettler-Toledo Inc., Columbus, OH, USA). Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed on GC-5890N(KEJIE INSTRUMENT, Nanjing, China). Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis was used on an IRIS Advantage 1000 instrument (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed on a model JSM-6700F scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and iridium (IXRF Systems) software with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV.

3. Results and Discussion

Synthetic routes of intermediates and corresponding supramolecular polymers were outlined in Schemes S1 and S2 and Scheme 1. The compounds, i.e., Salphen and BiSalphen, were prepared by Schiff base condensation between 1,2-diaminobenzene or 3,3-diaminobenzidine and salicylaldehyde. Their chemical structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra (see Experimental Section and Supplementary Materials). The designed supramolecular polymers, denoted as BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP, were synthesized by a self-assembling of BiCo(Salphen) and 4,4-dipyridine in different stoichiometric ratios. Vigorous stirring of the mixtures led to the formation of polymeric precipitates, which were then filtrated and extracted with THF and methanol for 24 h to afford brownish powders (Scheme 1). The obtained polymers were insoluble in water and organic solvents (methanol, CHCl3 and N,N-dimethylformamide). To demonstrate the successful coordination between nitrogen atoms (pyridine ring) and cobalt ions (BiCo(Salphen)), two model reactions between Co(Salphen) and pyridine were conducted in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with two specific ratios (1:1 and 1:2) at 80 °C for 24 h. The obtained model products were denoted as Co(Salphen)@Py1:1 and Co(Salphen)@Py1:2), respectively (Scheme S2). The reaction solution was pipetted for high-resolution mass spectrum (HRMS) measurements. The respective species at m/z 475.31 and 532.16 corresponding to [M + Na]1+ and [M + H]1+ for Co(Salphen)@Py1:1 and Co(Salphen)@Py1:2 were detected, which demonstrated the feasibility of constructing supramolecular polymers by applying coordination chemistry in different ratios (Figures S2 and S3).
Further structural characterizations of the obtained CSP were performed by employing UV-vis spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Figure 1a showed strong support for the model reactions. The adsorption peak at 270 nm can be assigned to a π–π* transition of the aromatic structures on Co(Salphen) [29,30], and the band centered at ~300 nm can be ascribed to the intraligand n–π* electronic transitions of the nonbonding electrons of the azomethine nitrogen atoms [31]. In addition, the signal centered at ~384.5 nm can be attributed to intramolecular metal–ligand interactions within the whole complex (meta–ligand d–π* charge transfer transitions (MLCT)) [29,30]. In the spectra of Co(Salphen)@1:1 (~466.5 nm) and Co(Salphen)@1:2 (~467 nm), the corresponding peaks exhibited an obvious red shift compared to that of Co(Salphen) (~384.5 nm), which confirmed the successful coordinations. Similarly, BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP showed a similar rule in UV-vis spectra, indicating the strong interactions between cobalt ions and nitrogen atoms of 4,4-bipyridine (Figure 1b). The FT-IR spectra displayed the typical new generated peak at ~570 cm−1, which was associated with the stretching vibrations of coordination bond between cobalt ions and C=N, suggesting that cobalt ions were coordinated with Salphen (Figure 1c). Similarly, the absorption peak at ~1556 cm−1 (assigned to the vibrational bands of C=N bonds of pyridine) verified the successful coordination between the cobalt ions and nitrogen atoms of 4,4-bipyridine. Additionally, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurement of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP exhibited very broad peaks, suggesting a rather low degree of crystallinity of CSP (Figure 1d). In addition, the residual cobalt ions contents of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP were detected to be at 13.09% and 11.23% using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy measurements (ICP-AES) after fully degrading the samples in nitrohydrochloric acid, respectively. These results were consistent with the theoretical values (13.10% for BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and 11.15% for BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP) according to the proposed chemical structures (Scheme 1).
Porous properties of the supramolecular polymers were characterized by an N2 adsorption–desorption experiment at 77 K. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP were determined to be 95 and 58 m2 g−1, respectively. Their respective total pore volumes were calculated to be 0.26 and 0.12 cm3 g−1 at P/P0 = 0.99 (Figure 2a,b and Table S1). The porous structure of BiCo-BiPy1:1 with a higher BET surface area may result from the molecular chain twisting and intermolecular stacking effect, thus resulting in the formation of certain pores. It should be noted that the moderate BET surface areas and large pore volumes are beneficial for mass transfer of guest molecules. In particular, the high percentage of mesopores (>80%, Table S1) present in the designed samples offered shelters that sufficiently encapsulated oxygen and organic small molecules during the catalytic process, which allowed more efficient product mass transfer and substrate diffusion. The morphologies of supramolecular polymers were probed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the images clearly exhibited sheet-like and plate-like structure, respectively (Figure 2c,d). Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP showed that a slight mass loss was observed upon heating up to 200 °C under N2. The initial weight loss before 200 °C was attributed to the moisture trapped in the cavities, while the weight loss after 200 °C was attributed to the degradation of organic networks or cleavage of coordination bond. Compared to the precursor BiCo(Salphen), the designed supramolecular polymers BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP delivered higher stability (Figure S4), which may attribute to their rigid structures.
Given the robust and porous structure of the as-prepared polymers, their catalytic performance was explored using aerobic oxidation of TMP as a model reaction. The oxidation of TMP was generally conducted in relatively high temperatures and required the presence of H2O2 oxidant as an oxidant, while few works focus on using molecular oxygen as an oxidant (Table 1, Entries 1–8). Meanwhile, some catalysts are still suffering from low conversion and selectivity. Unlike in previous studies, in this work, the oxidation was conducted using O2 as a clean oxidant. The transformation enabled by BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP gave a high conversion (>99%) and selectivity (>99%), which was significantly higher than that catalyzed by BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP (conversion: 27%, selectivity: >99%) (Table 1, Entries 9 and 10). The catalytic activity expressed by a turnover number (TON) value was higher for BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (22.5) than the TON values found for BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP (7.2) (Table 1, Entries 9 and 10). Furthermore, the turnover frequency (TOF) value for BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (1.88 h-1) is larger than that for BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP (0.6 h−1) (Table 1, Entries 9 and 10). The low catalytic activity in the latter case may attribute to steric hindrance of BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP, which hinders oxygen from penetrating through the polymer skeleton to activate O2, resulting in generating less activated oxygen species [32]. Although the cobalt ions in BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP are coordinated with the N atom of pyridine, the less steric hindrance of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP allows the cobalt to be fully exposed to oxygen, which allows BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP sufficient contact with molecular oxygen and then renders the molecular oxygen to be activated. Additionally, BET surface areas may also play a significant role in the catalytic process. Compared with BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP, BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP with higher BET surface areas and larger pore volumes appears to be more effective for mass transfer of guest molecule O2, which could generate more activated oxygen species [33,34]. No TMBQ was observed in the case without adding the supramolecular polymers, demonstrating the indispensable role of the catalyst in oxidation of TMP (Table 1, Entry 11). Almost no product was detected for the catalytic reactions in the absence of oxygen (Table 1, Entry 12), which verified the critical role of oxygen in the catalytic process. Furthermore, a survey of reaction conditions revealed that a high conversion (>99%) and an excellent selectivity (>99%) could be achieved in just 1.0 h under high pressure of O2 (1.0 MPa) (Table 1, Entry 13). Moreover, the corresponding Co(Salphen) supramolecular polymers resulted in the comparable reactivity compared to their homogeneous counterparts (Table 1, Entries 14–17).
Furthermore, the reaction kinetics of the catalytic process were explored by using BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP as the catalyst under 30 °C and atmospheric pressure. Notably, the conversion rate of TMP in the first 6 h was significantly lower than that in the later 6 h, suggesting that activated oxygen species played a critical role (Figure 3a). In the first 6 h, insufficient contact between catalyst and oxygen led to less reactive oxygen species, and the conversion rate of TMP was low. As reaction time prolonged, especially over the course of the later 6 h, the catalyst BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP was sufficiently exposed to oxygen molecules to generate activated oxygen species Co-superoxo complex subsequently, with the conversion rate of TMP significantly higher compared to that in the first 6 h [39,40]. To validate this assumption, BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP was pre-treated under oxygen atmosphere for 6 h. In the first 2 h, the oxidation of TMP in the presence of pre-treated BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP reached 47% conversion, which was more than two-fold faster than that catalyzed by the unpretreated BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (conversion: 20%). Moreover, the reaction catalyzed by pre-treated BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (8 h) was significantly more accelerated than that of unpretreated BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (12 h), shortening the reaction time effectively (Figure 3b). These indicate that the activated oxygen species Co-superoxo complex can be a significant factor during the catalytic process [39,40].
Except for the conversion and selectivity, the recyclability of catalyst was another significant factor to evaluate the overall performance. Recycling experiments were performed by applying BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP. As shown in Figure 4, BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP could be recycled at least five times without a substantial catalytic efficiency decline. Significantly, the conversion (>99%) and selectivity (>99%) were retained in each cycle, validating the high stability of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP. These results demonstrated the reusability of the designed BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP as heterogeneous catalysts in highly selective oxidation of TMP. Meanwhile, the designed BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP towards selective oxidation of TMP to TMBQ delivered a great potential in large-scale application for the production cost for 1.0 g of TMBQ, which is only 2.93 CNY (TMP: 2.0 CNY/g) (Table S2).
In addition, to evaluate the cobalt leaching of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP, the reaction mixture was analyzed after 12 h. Surprisingly, no obvious change in either the conversion or the selectivity (Figure 4) was observed, and the cobalt content was <0.1 ppm in the filtrate as observed by ICP-AES, suggesting negligible cobalt leaching in the catalytic process. Furthermore, the TON value (22.7) was almost completely retained after five cycles. It may be concluded that the robust skeleton of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP offered a scaffold for cobalt, which effectively protected cobalt from leaching into the solution during the catalytic process.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have developed a simple and low-cost synthetic strategy to prepare Co(Salphen) supramolecular polymers for selective oxidation of TMP to TMBQ with oxygen as a clean oxidant. The obtained supramolecular polymer (BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP), as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst, exhibited high conversion (>99%) and excellent selectivity (>99%) toward oxidation of TMP with nearly quantitative yields under a mild reaction condition. The results acquired in this work clearly demonstrate that the activated oxygen species Co-superoxo complex plays a critical role in the reactions. Presumably, the higher specific surface area and larger pore volumes of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP increase its pore accessibility to the substrates and thus enhances catalytic efficiency. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst could be recycled and reused at least five times. These findings allow us to view them as prospective heterogeneous catalysts for the clean and sustainable oxidation of TMP.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/5/1076/s1.

Author Contributions

W.Z. conceived the idea, designed and prepared catalyst, performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript under the guidance of J.T. and C.P. L.H. and H.Z. helped to synthesize the catalysts and do FT-IR characterization. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number (Nos. 21674129, 51873232 and 21636010) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2018zzts108).

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support by the Open Sharing Fund for the Largescale Instruments and Equipment of Central South University (CSUZU1930, CSUZC201927).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

References

  1. Evans, H.; Bishop, K.S. On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction. Science 1922, 56, 650–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Kholdeeva, O.A.; Ivanchikova, I.D. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed selective oxidation of substituted phenols and methoxyarenes with environmentally benign oxidants. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2016, 306, 302–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Möller, K.; Wienhöfer, G.; Westerhaus, F.; Junge, K.; Beller, M. Oxidation of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (TMB), 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) and 2-methylnaphthalene to 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoquinone (TMBQ) and menadione (Vitamin K3). Catal. Today. 2011, 173, 68–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Zhou, J.; Hua, Z.; Cui, X.; Ye, Z.; Cui, F.; Shi, J. Hierarchical mesoporous TS-1 Zeolite: A highly active and extraordinarily stable catalyst for the selective oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 4994–4996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Möller, K.; Wienhöfer, G.; Schröder, K.; Join, B.; Junge, K.; Beller, M. Selective iron-catalyzed oxidation of phenols and arenes with hydrogen peroxide: Synthesis of vitamin E intermediates and vitamin K3. Chem. A Eur. J. 2010, 16, 10300–10303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Sun, H.; Harms, K.; Sundermeyer, J. Aerobic oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol to trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone with Copper (II) chloride as catalyst in ionic liquid and structure of the active specie. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9550–9551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Bernini, R.; Mincione, E.; Barontini, M.; Crisante, F.; Fabrizi, G.; Gambacorta, A. Dimethyl carbonate: An environmentally friendly solvent for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/methyltrioxorhenium (CH3ReO3, MTO) catalytic oxidations. Tetrahedron. 2007, 63, 6895–6900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Wienhöfer, G.; Schröder, K.; Möller, K.; Junge, K.; Beller, M. A novel process for selective ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of naphthalenes and phenols. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2010, 352, 1615–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Adam, W.; Herrmann, W.A.; Lin, J.; Saha-Möller, C.R. Catalytic oxidation of phenols to p-quinones with the hydrogen peroxide and methyltrioxorhenium(VII) system. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 8281–8283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Shi, F.; Tse, M.K.; Beller, M. A novel and convenient process for the selective oxidation of naphthalenes with hydrogen peroxide. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 303–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Kholdeeva, O.A.; Trukhan, N.N.; Vanina, M.P.; Romannikov, V.N.; Parmon, V.N.; Mrowiec-Białoń, J.; Jarzębski, A.B. A new environmentally friendly method for the production of 2,3,5-trimethyl-p-benzoquinone. Catal. Today. 2002, 75, 203–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Ivanchikova, I.D.; Kovalev, M.K.; Mel’gunov, M.S.; Shmakov, A.N.; Kholdeeva, O.A. User-friendly synthesis of highly selective and recyclable mesoporous titanium-silicate catalysts for the clean production of substituted p-benzoquinones. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2014, 4, 200–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Shen, Y.; Wang, F.; Yang, C.; Zhang, X. Synthesis and characterization of hierarchically porous HZSM-5 as catalysts for the synthesis of 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone. Aust. J. Chem. 2017, 70, 691–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Kholdeeva, O.A.; Ivanchikova, I.D.; Guidotti, M.; Ravasio, N.; Sgobba, M.; Barmatova, M.V. How to reach 100% selectivity in H2O2-based oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol to trimethyl-p-benzoquinone over Ti,Si-catalysts. Catal. Today. 2009, 141, 330–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Evtushok, V.Y.; Suboch, A.N.; Podyacheva, O.Y.; Stonkus, O.A.; Zaikovskii, V.I.; Chesalov, Y.A.; Kibis, L.S.; Kholdeeva, O.A. Highly efficient catalysts based on divanadium-substituted polyoxometalate and N-doped carbon nanotubes for selective oxidation of alkylphenols. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 1297–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Ivanchikova, I.D.; Lee, J.S.; Maksimchuk, N.V.; Shmakov, A.N.; Chesalov, Y.A.; Ayupov, A.B.; Hwang, Y.K.; Jun, C.H.; Chang, J.S.; Kholdeeva, O.A. Highly selective H2O2-based oxidation of alkylphenols to p-benzoquinones over MIL-125 metal-organic frameworks. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2014, 1, 132–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Tsai, C.L.; Chou, B.; Cheng, S.; Lee, J.F. Synthesis of TMBQ using Cu(II)-substituted MCM-41 as the catalyst. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2001, 208, 279–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Lin, Y.; Li, B.; Feng, Z.; Kim, Y.A.; Endo, M.; Su, D.S. Efficient metal-free catalytic reaction pathway for selective oxidation of substituted phenols. ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 5921–5926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Selvaraj, M. Highly Active and green mesostructured titansilicate catalysts synthesized for selective synthesis of benzoquinones. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2014, 4, 2674–2684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Jawale, D.V.; Gravel, E.; Geertsen, V.; Li, H.; Shah, N.; Namboothiri, I.N.N.; Doris, E. Aerobic oxidation of phenols and related compounds using carbon nanotube-gold nanohybrid catalysts. ChemCatChem 2014, 6, 719–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kolesnik, I.G.; Zhizhina, E.G.; Matveev, K.I. Catalytic oxidation of 2,6-dialkylphenols to the corresponding 2,6-dialkyl-1,4-benzoquinones by molecular oxygen in the presence of P-Mo-V heteropoly acids. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 2000, 153, 147–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Roduner, E.; Kaim, W.; Sarkar, B.; Urlacher, V.B.; Pleiss, J.; Gläser, R.; Einicke, W.D.; Sprenger, G.A.; Beifuß, U.; Klemm, E.; et al. Selective catalytic oxidation of C-H bonds with molecular oxygen. ChemCatChem 2013, 5, 82–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Verhagen, H.; Buijsse, B.; Jansen, E.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, B. The state of antioxidant affairs. Nutr. Today 2006, 41, 244–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Eur. Pat. Appl. (BASF AG). EP0475272, A2. 1992. Available online: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=EP&NR=0475272A2&KC=A2&FT=D&ND=3&date=19920318&DB=&locale=en_EP (accessed on 1 May 2020).
  25. Aida, T.; Meijer, E.W.; Stupp, S.I. Functional supramolecular polymers. Science 2012, 335, 813–817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Hong, C.M.; Bergman, R.G.; Raymond, K.N.; Toste, F.D. Self-assembled tetrahedral hosts as supramolecular catalysts. Acc. Chem. Res. 2018, 51, 2447–2455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Yan, X.; Wang, F.; Zheng, B.; Huang, F. Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 6042–6065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Ma, X.; Tian, H. Tian, Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymers in aqueous solution. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 1971–1981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kumpfer, J.R.; Jin, J.; Rowan, S.J. Stimuli-responsive europium-containing metallo-supramolecular polymers. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 145–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Dai, X.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, L.; Bai, T.; Wang, W.; Cui, Y.; Liu, W. A mechanically strong, highly stable, thermoplastic, and self-healable supramolecular polymer hydrogel. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3566–3571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Dumur, F.; Contal, E.; Wantz, G.; Gigmes, D. Photoluminescence of zinc complexes: Easily tunable optical properties by variation of the bridge between the imido groups of Schiff base ligands. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2014, 25, 4186–4198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Luo, R.; Chen, Y.; He, Q.; Lin, X.; Xu, Q.; He, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, X.; Ji, H. Metallosalen-based ionic porous polymers as bifunctional catalysts for the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals. ChemSusChem 2017, 10, 1526–1533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Zhang, W.; Tang, J.; Yu, W.; Huang, Q.; Fu, Y.; Kuang, G.; Pan, C.; Yu, G. Visible light-driven C-3 functionalization of indoles over conjugated microporous polymers. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 8084–8090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Ko, J.H.; Kang, N.; Park, N.; Shin, H.W.; Kang, S.; Lee, S.M.; Kim, H.J.; Ahn, T.K.; Son, S.U. Hollow microporous organic networks bearing triphenylamines and anthraquinones: Diffusion pathway effect in visible light-driven oxidative coupling of benzylamines. ACS Macro Lett. 2015, 4, 669–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Ivanchikova, I.D.; Maksimchuk, N.V.; Maksimovskaya, R.I.; Maksimov, G.M.; Kholdeeva, O.A. Highly selective oxidation of alkylphenols to p-benzoquinones with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by divanadium-substituted polyoxotungstates. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 2706–2713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Cheneviere, Y.; Caps, V.; Tuel, A. Gold-catalyzed oxidation of substituted phenols by hydrogen peroxide. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2010, 387, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Kholdeeva, O.A.; Ivanchikova, I.D.; Guidotti, M.; Ravasio, N. Highly efficient production of 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone using aqueous H2O2 and grafted Ti(Iv)/SiO2 catalyst. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 731–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kholdeeva, O.A.; Ivanchikova, I.D.; Guidotti, M.; Pirovano, C.; Ravasio, N.; Barmatova, M.V.; Chesalov, Y.A. Highly selective oxidation of alkylphenols to benzoquinones with hydrogen peroxide over silica-supported titanium catalysts: Titanium cluster site versus titanium single site. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 1877–1889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Anson, C.W.; Ghosh, S.; Hammes-Schiffer, S.; Stahl, S.S. Co(Salophen)-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of p-hydroquinone: Mechanism and implications for aerobic oxidation catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 4186–4193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Bozell, J.J.; Hames, B.R.; Dimmel, D.R. Cobalt-Schiff base complex catalyzed oxidation of para-substituted phenolics. preparation of benzoquinones. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 2398–2404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Polymers 12 01076 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthetic routes and structures of supramolecular polymers (BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP).
Scheme 1. Synthetic routes and structures of supramolecular polymers (BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP).
Polymers 12 01076 sch001
Polymers 12 01076 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) UV-vis spectra of Co(Salphen), Co(Salphen)@Py1:1 and Co(Salphen)@Py1:2; (b) UV-vis spectra of BiCo-BiPy1:1 Co(Salphen) supramolecular polymers (CSP) and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP; (c) FT-IR spectra of Bi(Salphen), BiCo(Salphen), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP; (d) XRD profiles of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP.
Figure 1. (a) UV-vis spectra of Co(Salphen), Co(Salphen)@Py1:1 and Co(Salphen)@Py1:2; (b) UV-vis spectra of BiCo-BiPy1:1 Co(Salphen) supramolecular polymers (CSP) and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP; (c) FT-IR spectra of Bi(Salphen), BiCo(Salphen), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP; (d) XRD profiles of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP.
Polymers 12 01076 g001
Polymers 12 01076 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) Nitrogen adsorption (filled symbols)/desorption (open symbols) isotherms for BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP obtained at 77 K; (b) pore size distributions of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP; (c,d) SEM images of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP.
Figure 2. (a) Nitrogen adsorption (filled symbols)/desorption (open symbols) isotherms for BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP obtained at 77 K; (b) pore size distributions of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP; (c,d) SEM images of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP and BiCo-BiPy1:2 CSP.
Polymers 12 01076 g002
Polymers 12 01076 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) Reaction kinetic curve: Reaction condition: TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), methanol (2.0 mL), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 12 h; (b) reaction kinetic curve. Reaction conditions: BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg) was exposed to oxygen atmosphere for 6 h, TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5mmol), methanol (2.0 mL), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 8 h.
Figure 3. (a) Reaction kinetic curve: Reaction condition: TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), methanol (2.0 mL), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 12 h; (b) reaction kinetic curve. Reaction conditions: BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg) was exposed to oxygen atmosphere for 6 h, TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5mmol), methanol (2.0 mL), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 8 h.
Polymers 12 01076 g003
Polymers 12 01076 g004 550
Figure 4. Cycling performance of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP for aerobic oxidation of TMP. Reaction conditions: TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), methanol (2.0 mL), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 12 h.
Figure 4. Cycling performance of BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP for aerobic oxidation of TMP. Reaction conditions: TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), methanol (2.0 mL), BiCo-BiPy1:1 CSP (10.0 mg), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 12 h.
Polymers 12 01076 g004
Table
Table 1. Different systems in oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol.
Table 1. Different systems in oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol.
Polymers 12 01076 i001
EntryCatalystOxidantT/°CCon/%Sel/%TimeTOFTON
1aTi,Si-catalysts (A1) [12]H2O280999618 min4.6 min−182.8
2aV2-POM/N-CNTs [15]H2O2601009915 min--
3aTiSBA-15(6) [19]H2O280999760 min3.0 min−1180
4bV2-POM [35]H2O2601009915 min--
5aTi-HMS [36]H2O26097846 h--
6aAu/TiO2 [36]H2O2609606 h--
7aTi/SiO2 (A) (1.97) [37]H2O2801009630 min2.0 min−160
8aTi/SiO2 Davisil C [38]H2O2801009930 min1.8 min−154
9a, cBiCo-BiPy1:1 CSPO230>99>9912 h1.88 h−122.5
10a, cBiCo-BiPy1:2 CSPO23027>9912 h0.60 h−17.2
11a, cNo catalystO230<1-12 h--
12aBiCo-BiPy1:1 CSPN230<1-12 h--
13a, dBiCo-BiPy1:1 CSPO230>99>991.0 h22.5 h−122.5
14a, cCo(Salphen)Py1:1O230>99>9912 h1.88 h−122.6
15b, cCo(Salphen)Py 1:2O23032>9912 h0.71 h−18.5
16 b, cBiCo(Salphen)O230>99>9912 h1.55 h−118.6
17b, cCo(Salphen)O230>99>9912 h1.55 h−118.7
a heterogeneous; b homogeneous; c Reaction condition: 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), catalyst (10.0 mg), methanol (2.0 mL), O2 (0.1 MPa) and 12 h; d Reaction condition: TMP (68.1 mg, 0.5 mmol), catalyst (10.0 mg), methanol (2.0 mL), O2 (1.0 MPa) and 1.0 h.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, W.; Hu, L.; Zhang, H.; Pan, C.; Tang, J. Stable Non-Covalent Co(Salphen)-Based Polymeric Catalyst for Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol. Polymers 2020, 12, 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051076

AMA Style

Zhang W, Hu L, Zhang H, Pan C, Tang J. Stable Non-Covalent Co(Salphen)-Based Polymeric Catalyst for Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol. Polymers. 2020; 12(5):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051076

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Weijie, Lingling Hu, He Zhang, Chunyue Pan, and Juntao Tang. 2020. "Stable Non-Covalent Co(Salphen)-Based Polymeric Catalyst for Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol" Polymers 12, no. 5: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051076

APA Style

Zhang, W., Hu, L., Zhang, H., Pan, C., & Tang, J. (2020). Stable Non-Covalent Co(Salphen)-Based Polymeric Catalyst for Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol. Polymers, 12(5), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051076

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop