Shelf Life of Fresh Sliced Sea Bream Pack in PET Nanocomposite Trays
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.1.1. Laboratory Process
2.1.2. Industrial Processes
Extrusion and Thermoforming
Thermogravimetric Analyses
2.1.3. Microscopy
2.1.4. Permeability
2.1.5. Puncture Test
2.1.6. Microbiological Tests
3. Results
3.1. Laboratory Samples
3.1.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.1.2. Microscopic Characterization
3.1.3. Mechanical Properties
3.1.4. Permeability Properties
3.2. Industrial Samples
3.2.1. Thermogravimetic Analysis
3.2.2. Optical Microscopy
3.2.3. Permeability Properties
3.2.4. Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Sheets
3.3. Microbiological Analyses and Shelf Life
3.4. Migration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
µm | Micrometer |
AMEO | 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
APC | Aerobic Plate Count |
BOPET | Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate |
cfu | Colony forming units |
DSC | Differential Scanning Calorimetry |
EFSA | European Food Safety Authority |
Ep | Perforation Energy |
EVA | Ethylene Vinyl Acetate |
EVOH | Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol |
F | Force |
FCM | Food Contact Materials |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
h | Hours |
IV | Intrinsic Viscosity |
L/D | Relation length versus diameter |
MAP | Modified Atmosphere Packaging |
MAP | Modified Atmosphere Packaging |
Max | Maximum |
MEMO | 3-methacryloxypropil trimethoxysilane |
mm | Millimeter |
MMT | Montmorillonite |
nS | Nanosepiolite |
OM | Optical Microscopy |
OTR | Oxygen Transmission Rate |
PA | Polyamide |
PE | Polyethylene |
PET | Poly(ethylene terephthalate) |
rpm | Revolutions per minute |
S | Sample |
TGA | Thermogravimetric Analysis |
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Specimen after Impact | Mode of Failure (Description) | Acronym |
---|---|---|
Ductile (creep with important reduction in the transversal section) | D | |
Ductile with crease (cracked towards the base) | Dc | |
Transition Fragile/ductile (one or two pieces separated from the sample with a reasonable deformation) | FD | |
Fragile (more than one pieces separated from the sample, without any deformation) | F |
Sample | rpm | % nS |
---|---|---|
PET/8PA_MXD6/1nS_AMEO | 80 | 0.74 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/2nS_AMEO | 80 | 1.98 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/1nS_AMEO | 160 | 0.65 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/2nS_AMEO | 160 | 1.74 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/1nS_MEMO | 80 | 0.77 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/2nS_MEMO | 80 | 1.57 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/1nS_MEMO | 160 | 1.22 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/2nS_MEMO | 160 | 1.78 |
Sample | % nS |
---|---|
PA_MXD6/10nS_AMEO | 12.4 |
PA_MXD6/20nS_AMEO | 19.8 |
Sample | % nS |
---|---|
PET/8PA_MXD6/1nS_AMEO | 1.1 |
PET/8PA_MXD6/2nS_AMEO | 2.1 |
Sample | % nS | Sheet Thickness (µm) | Permeability O2 (cm3/m2/day) | Permeability O2 (450 µm) 1 (cm3/m2/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PET (LINPAC) | - | 450 | 8.2 ± 0.30 | 8.2 ± 0.30 |
PET/EVOH/PET | - | 450 | 7.09 ± 0.11 | 7.09 ± 0.11 |
PET/8PA_MXD6 | - | 630 | 4.24 ± 0.15 | 5.93 ± 0.15 |
PET/PA_MXD6/nS_AMEO | 1.1 | 440 | 5.38 ± 0.31 | 5.26 ± 0.31 |
PET/PA_MXD6/nS_AMEO | 2.1 | 615 | 3.43 ± 0.10 | 4.68 ± 0.10 |
Sample | % nS | Sheet Thickness (µm) | F Max (N) | E p | Failure Mode | Picture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET (LINPAC) | - | 467 ± 2 | 720 ± 16 | 6.6 ± 0.8 | D | |
PET/EVOH/PET | - | 555 ± 6 | 833 ± 12 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | D | |
PET/PA_MXD6/nS_AMEO | 1.1 | 440 ± 2 | 490 ± 11 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | F | |
PET/PA_MXD6/nS_AMEO | 2.1 | 611 ± 12 | 620 ± 70 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | F |
Tray | S | Day 2 | Day 4 | Day 7 | Day 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET + 8%PA_MXD6 + 2%nS_AMEO | S1 | 7.9 ± 0.25 × 103 | 3.4± 0.17 × 104 | 4.0 ± 0.12 × 104 | 2.5 ± 0.20 × 105 |
PET + 8%PA_MXD6 + 2%nS_AMEO | S2 | 4.3 ± 0.20 × 103 | 1.5 ± 0.10 × 104 | 3.3 ± 0.10 × 104 | 2.1 ± 0.20 × 105 |
Control | S1 | 4.0 ± 0.46 × 105 | 4.1 ± 0.45 × 105 | 3.3 ± 0.25 × 107 | 1.4 ± 0.06 × 108 |
Control | S2 | 7.2 ± 0.60 × 104 | 7.9 ± 0.36 × 105 | 4.3 ± 0.35 × 107 | 1.7 ± 0.05 × 108 |
Tray | S | Day 2 | Day 4 | Day 7 | Day 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET + 8%PA_MXD6 + 2%nS_AMEO | S1 | 2.7 ± 0.17 × 102 | 2.5 ± 0.17 × 104 | 2.7 ± 0.17 × 104 | 4.0 ± 0.17 × 105 |
PET + 8%PA_MXD6 + 2%nS_AMEO | S2 | 4.2 ± 0.26 × 102 | 2.1 ± 0.26 × 104 | 2.2 ± 0.10 × 104 | 3.5 ± 0.20 × 105 |
Control | S1 | 3.9 ± 0.44× 104 | 2.0 ± 0.43 × 105 | 8.1 ± 0.72 × 106 | 1.1 ± 0.19 × 108 |
Control | S2 | 1.7 ± 0.36× 104 | 5.1 ± 0.26 × 105 | 1.3 ± 0.66 × 107 | 9.0 ± 0.15 × 107 |
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Fernández-Menéndez, T.; García-López, D.; Argüelles, A.; Fernández, A.; Viña, J. Shelf Life of Fresh Sliced Sea Bream Pack in PET Nanocomposite Trays. Polymers 2021, 13, 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121974
Fernández-Menéndez T, García-López D, Argüelles A, Fernández A, Viña J. Shelf Life of Fresh Sliced Sea Bream Pack in PET Nanocomposite Trays. Polymers. 2021; 13(12):1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121974
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Menéndez, Teresa, David García-López, Antonio Argüelles, Ana Fernández, and Jaime Viña. 2021. "Shelf Life of Fresh Sliced Sea Bream Pack in PET Nanocomposite Trays" Polymers 13, no. 12: 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121974