FT-IR Study, Thermal Analysis, and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of a MK-Geopolymer Mortar Using Glass Waste as Fine Aggregate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Geopolymer Specimens
2.3. Geopolymer Characterizations
2.3.1. Ionic Conductivity and pH Measurements
2.3.2. FT-IR Analysis
2.3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.4. Antibacterial Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sample Observations
3.2. pH Measurement
3.3. Ionic Conductivity
3.4. FT-IR Spectra
3.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.6. Antibacterial Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Blanco, I.; Ingrao, C.; Siracusa, V. Life-Cycle Assessment in the Polymeric Sector: A Comprehensive Review of Application Experiences on the Italian Scale. Polymers 2020, 12, 1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Santaquiteria, C.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. Alternative prime materials for developing new cements: Alkaline activation of alkali aluminosilicate glasses. Ceram. Int. 2016, 42, 9333–9340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tashima, M.M.; Soriano, L.; Borrachero, M.V.; Monzó, J.; Cheeseman, C.R.; Payá, J. Alkali activation of vitreous calcium aluminosilicate derived from glass fiber waste. J. Sustain. Cem.-Based Mater. 2012, 1, 83–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hajimohammadi, A.; Ngo, T.; Kashani, A. Glass waste versus sand as aggregates: The characteristics of the evolving geopolymer binders. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 193, 593–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luhar, S.; Cheng, T.-W.; Nicolaides, D.; Luhar, I.; Panias, D.; Sakkas, K. Valorisation of glass waste for development of Geopolymer composites—Mechanical properties and rheological characteristics: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 220, 547–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luhar, S.; Cheng, T.-W.; Nicolaides, D.; Luhar, I.; Panias, D.; Sakkas, K. Valorisation of glass wastes for the development of geopolymer composites—Durability, thermal and microstructural properties: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 222, 673–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dal Poggetto, G.; Catauro, M.; Crescente, G.; Leonelli, C. Efficient Addition of Waste Glass in MK-Based Geopolymers: Microstructure, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Investigation. Polymers 2021, 13, 1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torres-Carrasco, M.; Puertas, F. Waste glass as a precursor in alkaline activation: Chemical process and hydration products. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 139, 342–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torres-Carrasco, M.; Palomo, J.G.; Puertas, F. Sodium silicate solutions from dissolution of glasswastes. Statistical analysis. Mater. Construcc. 2014, 64, e014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Catauro, M.; Dal Poggetto, G.; Sgarlata, C.; Vecchio Ciprioti, S.; Pacifico, S.; Leonelli, C. Thermal and microbiological performance of metakaolin-based geopolymers cement with waste glass. Appl. Clay Sci. 2020, 197, 105763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdollahnejad, Z.; Dalvand, A.; Mastali, M.; Luukkonen, T.; Illikainen, M. Effects of waste ground glass and lime on the crystallinity and strength of geopolymers. Mag. Concr. Res. 2019, 71, 1218–1231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, X.; Xiao, R.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, M.; Bai, Y.; Huang, B. Influence of waste glass powder on the physico-mechanical properties and microstructures of fly ash-based geopolymer paste after exposure to high temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 262, 120579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gougazeh, M. Geopolymers from Jordanian metakaolin: Influence of chemical and mineralogical compositions on the development of mechanical properties. Jordan J. Civ. Eng. 2013, 7, 236–257. [Google Scholar]
- Tchakouté, H.K.; Rüscher, C.H.; Kong, S.; Kamseu, E.; Leonelli, C. Geopolymer binders from metakaolin using sodium waterglass from waste glass and rice husk ash as alternative activators: A comparative study. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 114, 276–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tchakouté, H.K.; Melele, S.J.K.; Djamen, A.T.; Kaze, C.R.; Kamseu, E.; Nanseu, C.N.P.; Leonelli, C.; Rüscher, C.H. Microstructural and mechanical properties of poly(sialate-siloxo) networks obtained using metakaolins from kaolin and halloysite as aluminosilicate sources: A comparative study. Appl. Clay Sci. 2020, 186, 105448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panias, D.; Giannopoulou, I.P.; Perraki, T. Effect of synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers. Colloids Surf. A 2007, 301, 246–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rüscher, C.H.; Mielcarek, E.M.; Wongpa, J.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; Jirasit, F.; Lohaus, L. Silicate-, aluminosilicate and calciumsilicate gels for building materials: Chemical and mechanical properties during ageing. Eur. J. Mineral. 2011, 23, 111–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Wang, H.; Provis, J.L.; Bullen, F.; Reid, A.; Zhu, Y. Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. The activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide. Thermochim. Acta 2012, 539, 23–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Naggar, M.R.; El-Dessouky, M.I. Re-use of waste glass in improving properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers: Mechanical and microstructure examinations. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 132, 543–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rovnaník, P. Effect of curing temperature on the development of hard structure of metakaolin-based geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 2010, 24, 1176–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hajimohammadi, A.; Provis, J.L.; van Deventer, J.S.J. Time-resolved and spatially-resolved infrared spectroscopic observation of seeded nucleation controlling geopolymer gel formation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011, 357, 384–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Catauro, M.; Tranquillo, E.; Barrino, F.; Dal Poggetto, G.; Blanco, I.; Cicala, G.; Ognibene, G.; Recca, G. Mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash-filled geopolymers. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2019, 138, 3267–3276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blanco, I.; Siracusa, V. The Use of Thermal Techniques in the Characterization of Bio-Sourced Polymers. Materials 2021, 14, 1686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samal, S.; Blanco, I. An Application Review of Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composite. Fibers 2021, 9, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Riessen, A.; Rickard, W.; Sanjayan, J. Thermal properties of geopolymers. In Geopolymers; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009; pp. 315–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burduhos Nergis, D.D.; Abdullah, M.M.A.B.; Sandu, A.V.; Vizureanu, P. XRD and TG-DTA Study of New Alkali Activated Materials Based on Fly Ash with Sand and Glass Powder. Materials 2020, 13, 343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Catauro, M.; Bollino, F.; Cattaneo, A.S.; Mustarelli, P. Al2O3 ·2SiO2 powders synthesized via sol-gel as pure raw material in geopolymer preparation. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2017, 100, 1919–1927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Li, Q.; Shen, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhai, J. Low-reactive circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ashes as source material for geopolymer synthesis. Waste Manag. 2010, 30, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krishna Priya, G.; Padmaja, P.; Warrier, K.G.K.; Damodaran, A.D.; Aruldhas, G. Dehydroxylation and high temperature phase formation in sol-gel boehmite characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1997, 16, 1584–1587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finocchiaro, C.; Barone, G.; Mazzoleni, P.; Leonelli, C.; Gharzouni, A.; Rossignol, S. FT-IR study of early stages of alkali activated materials based on pyroclastic deposits (Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy) using two different alkaline solutions. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 262, 120095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akolekar, D.; Chaffee, A.; Howe, R.F. The transformation of kaolin to low-silica X zeolite. Zeolites 1997, 19, 359–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granizo, G.M.L.; Blanco-Varela, M.T.; Palomo, A. Influence of the starting kaolin on alkali-activated materials based on metakaolin. Study of the reaction parameters by isothermal conduction calorimetry. J. Mater. Sci. 2000, 35, 6309–6315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Livi, C.N.; Repette, W.L. Effect of NaOH concentration and curing regime on geopolymer. Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 2017, 10, 1174–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alamaral-Sanchez, J.L.; Rosas-Casarez, C.A.; Gomez-Soberon, J.M.; Chinchillas-Chinchillas, M.J.; Acuna-Aguero, O.H.; Corral-Higuera, R.; Arredondo-Rea, S.P. Experimental study of XRD, FTIR and TGA techniques in geopolymeric materials. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Civil and Structural Engineering—CSE 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2–3 August 2014; pp. 25–30, ISBN 978-1-63248-006-4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baykara, H.; Cornejo, M.H.; Espinoza, A.; García, E.; Ulloa, N. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of compressive strength of polypropylene fiber reinforced geopolymer mortars. Heliyon 2020, 6, e03755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lizcano, M.; Gonzalez, A.; Basu, S.; Lozano, K.; Radovic, M. Effects of Water Content and Chemical Composition on Structural Properties of Alkaline Activated Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2012, 95, 2169–2177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubio-Avalos, J.-C. Antibacterial Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Cement. In Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete; Martirena, F., Favier, A., Scrivener, K., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 398–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dal Poggetto, G.; D’Angelo, A.; Blanco, I.; Piccolella, S.; Leonelli, C.; Catauro, M. FT-IR Study, Thermal Analysis, and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of a MK-Geopolymer Mortar Using Glass Waste as Fine Aggregate. Polymers 2021, 13, 2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172970
Dal Poggetto G, D’Angelo A, Blanco I, Piccolella S, Leonelli C, Catauro M. FT-IR Study, Thermal Analysis, and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of a MK-Geopolymer Mortar Using Glass Waste as Fine Aggregate. Polymers. 2021; 13(17):2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172970
Chicago/Turabian StyleDal Poggetto, Giovanni, Antonio D’Angelo, Ignazio Blanco, Simona Piccolella, Cristina Leonelli, and Michelina Catauro. 2021. "FT-IR Study, Thermal Analysis, and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of a MK-Geopolymer Mortar Using Glass Waste as Fine Aggregate" Polymers 13, no. 17: 2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172970