Wheat Biocomposite Extraction, Structure, Properties and Characterization: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wheat Plant
3. Film Preparation and Properties Characterization of Films Based Wheat Starch
3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Wheat Starch
Type of Starch | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Wheat Starch | Corn Starch | Rice Starch | Potato Starch |
Amylose (%) | 16.0–31.5 | 20.0–28 | 20–28 | 25–31 |
Amylopectin (%) | 68.5–75 | 75–83 | 65–85 | 76–83 |
Ash (%) | 0.20–0.29 | 0.32–0.62 | 0.17–0.19 | 15.95–16.05 |
Proteins (%) | 0.40–0.46 | 0.38–7.7 | 0.33–0.38 | 4.26–4.82 |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.5 | 1.356–1.4029 | 1.282 | 0.763 |
Moisture content (%) | 10.65–13.3 | 10.45–10.82 | 3.60 | 15.98 ± 0.36 |
3.2. Production of Films Based Wheat Starch
3.2.1. Wheat Starch Isolation
3.2.2. Wheat Starch Film Preparation
3.3. Properties Characteristics of Wheat Starch-Based Film
3.3.1. Pasting Properties
3.3.2. Morphological Properties
3.3.3. Film Transparency
3.3.4. Thermal Properties
3.3.5. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
3.3.6. Crystallinity
4. Wheat Gluten-Based Film; Preparation and Characterization
4.1. Production of Wheat Gluten-Based Film
4.1.1. Wet Method
4.1.2. Dry Method
4.2. Properties Characterization of Films Based Wheat Gluten
5. Wheat Fiber
Type of Husk | |||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Wheat Husk | Corn Husk | Rice Husk |
Density (g/cm3) | 0.75 | 1.49–1.18 | 0.1214 |
Moisture content (%) | 6–6.05 | 7.6–8.7 | 9 |
Cellulose (%) | 36–39.2 | 31.3–47 | 34.34–43.80 |
Hemicellulose (%) | 18–26.4 | 34–43.91 | 19–25 |
Protein (%) | 6 | 7 | 1.70–7.26 |
Fats (%) | 5 | 17.2 | 0.38–2.98 |
Lignin (%) | 6.8–16 | 1.5–14.3 | 16 |
Type of Straw | |||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Wheat Straw | Corn Straw | Rice Straw |
Density (g/cm3) | 0.3231–0.871 | 0.033–0.069 | 0.194 |
Moisture content (%) | 8–60 | 25–30 | 6.58–18 |
Cellulose (%) | 28.8–51.5 | 28–44 | 29.2–38 |
Hemicellulose (%) | 10.5–39.1 | 36.05–36.83 | 12.0–29.3 |
Protein (%) | 3–6.3 | 4–9 | 3–7 |
Lignin (%) | 5.4–30 | 7–29 | 12–19.0 |
Wheat Bran | |
---|---|
Parameter | Amount |
Density (g/cm3) | 0.17–0.25 |
Water holding capacity (g/g) | 3.39–6.49 |
Water retention capacity (g/g) | 2.17–5.76 |
Moisture content (%) | 8.2 |
Cellulose (%) | 11.65–13.15 |
Hemicellulose (%) | 49.7 |
Starch (%) | 55.9–70.53 |
Protein (%) | 15.8–16.88 |
Lipid (%) | 3.8–4.13 |
Lignin (%) | 5.3 |
6. Antioxidant Properties of Wheat Based Film
7. Antimicrobial Properties of Wheat Based Film
8. Wheat Biocomposite
8.1. Wheat Biocomposite Advantages and Applications
8.2. Wheat Biocomposite Fabrication
Polymer | Filler | Fabrication Process | Filler Loading (%) | Optimum Tensile Modulus (MPa) | Optimum Yield Strength (MPa) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified potato starch | Wheat straw nanofiber | Solution casting | 2–10 | 271 ± 27.4 | 7.71 ± 0.67 | [98] |
Wheat gluten | Coconut coir | Mixing and compression molding | 10 | 2.29 ± 0.47 | 123.2 ± 34.7 | [144] |
Natural rubber | Wheat bran | Mixing and compression molding | 10–50 phr | - | 22 | [245] |
Wheat gluten | Wheat straw fibers | Mixing and compression molding | 0–11.1 | 18.4 ± 2.3 | 41.7 ± 3.4 | [154] |
Polyethylene | Wheat Bran | Extrusion | 10–50 | 371 | 11.5 | [246] |
Wheat gluten | Hydroxyethyl cellulose | Mixing and compression molding | 0–35 | 70 | 2.4 | [247] |
Ecovio | Wheat husk | Mixing and compression molding | 13.5 | Flexural: 60 | Flexural: 0.75 | [248] |
Wheat gluten | Chemlal olive pomace | Mixing and compression molding | 0–20 | 40 | 3.5 | [249] |
Native Wheat | CNCs rice | Solution casting | 0.18 g | 34.86 ± 3.3 | 3.64 ± 0.18 | [236] |
CNCs oat | 56.58 ± 9.06 | 5.07 ± 0.33 | ||||
CNCs eucalyptus | 70.81 ± 8.22 | 4.32 ± 0.13 | ||||
Phosphorylated Wheat | CNCs rice | 31.94 ± 1.38 | 3.78 ± 0.08 | |||
CNCs oat | 24.37 ± 1.5 | 3.52 ± 0.14 | ||||
CNCs eucalyptus | 30.12 ± 0.35 | 3.08 ± 0.02 | ||||
PHBV | Wheat straw fibers | Extrusion and compression molding | 20 | 3100 ± 200 | 21 ± 2 | [235] |
PLA | Wheat straw fibers | Extrusion and injection molding | 0–40 | 3450 | 61.2 | [234] |
Polyester resin | Wheat straw strands | Mixing and compression molding | 25 | Flexural: 2427.2 | Flexural: 28.21 | [250] |
Polypropylene | Wheat straw/Clay | Extrusion and injection molding | Wheat: 0–50Clay: 0–5 | Flexural: 2400 | - | [245] |
Fabrication, filler loading and optimum mechanical properties of corn biocomposite | ||||||
PLA | Corn Cob | Mixing and compression molding | 0–40 | 3.7 | 53 | [251] |
Corn starch | Corn husk | Solution casting | 0–8 | 620 | 13 | [40] |
Polypropylene (PP) | Corn stalk | Mixing and injection molding | 40 | 4.3 | 34.1 | [252] |
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mohammed, A.A.B.A.; Omran, A.A.B.; Hasan, Z.; Ilyas, R.A.; Sapuan, S.M. Wheat Biocomposite Extraction, Structure, Properties and Characterization: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 3624. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213624
Mohammed AABA, Omran AAB, Hasan Z, Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM. Wheat Biocomposite Extraction, Structure, Properties and Characterization: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13(21):3624. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213624
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed, Abdulrahman A. B. A., Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Zaimah Hasan, R. A. Ilyas, and S. M. Sapuan. 2021. "Wheat Biocomposite Extraction, Structure, Properties and Characterization: A Review" Polymers 13, no. 21: 3624. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213624