Antibacterial Activity and Protection Efficiency of Polyvinyl Butyral Nanofibrous Membrane Containing Thymol Prepared through Vertical Electrospinning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Microorganisms
2.2. Preparation of PVB Antibacterial Nanofibrous Membrane Containing Thymol
2.3. Preparation of Thymol/PVB Antibacterial Nanofibrous Masks
2.4. Surface Observation of Nanofiber Membranes
2.5. Antibacterial Activity
2.5.1. Antibacterial Qualitative Tests
2.5.2. Antibacterial Quantitative Test
2.5.3. Particulate Filtration Efficiency (PFE)
Protection efficiency (%) = 100 − penetration efficiency (%)
2.5.4. Differential Pressure of Air Exchange
2.5.5. Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antibacterial Qualitative Analysis for Nanofibrous Membrane of Thymol/PVB Blenders
3.2. Antibacterial Quantitative Analysis for Thymol/PVB Nanofibrous Membranes
3.2.1. Staphylococcus aureus
3.2.2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
3.2.3. Escherichia coli
3.2.4. Diameter of Nanofibrous Membrane for Thymol/PVB Blenders
3.3. Analysis of the Protection Efficiency of Antibacterial Nanofiber Masks
3.3.1. Submicron Particulate Filtration Efficiency (PFE) and Pressure Difference of Air Exchange
3.3.2. The Fiber Diameter and PFE
3.3.3. Spinning Parameters and PFE
3.3.4. Bacteria Filtration Efficiency (BFE)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thymol:PVB (w:w) | Thymol (g) | PVB (g) | 5 wt% PVB (g) |
---|---|---|---|
0:1 | 0 | 2.5 | 50 |
0.2:1 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 50 |
0.4:1 | 1 | 2.5 | 50 |
0.6:1 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 50 |
0.8:1 | 2 | 2.5 | 50 |
1:1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 50 |
Method | JIS L1902 (Halo Method) | AATCC147 (Parallel Streak Method) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carrier | Aluminum Foil | Net | Aluminum Foil | Net | |
Pressing with glass | none | yes | yes | yes | |
group | A | B | C | D | |
Thymol:PVB (w:w) | |||||
0:1 | c NI | c NI | c NI | c NI | |
0.2:1 | c NI | c NI | c NI | c NI | |
0.4:1 | c NI | c NI | c NI | c NI | |
0.6:1 | c NI | c NI | c NI | c NI | |
0.8:1 | a CZ 2.0 mm | c NI | a CZ 2.1 mm | c NI | |
1:1 | a CZ 5.1 mm | c NI | a CZ 6.4 mm | c NI |
Group | Spinning Time (min) | CNS 14755 | CNS 14777 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PFE (%) | Inspiratory Impedance (mmH2O) | Pressure Difference (mmH2O/cm2) | ||
C | 0 | 32.8 ± 2.5 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
C | 15 | 65.0 ± 2.5 | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.1 |
C | 30 | 67.1 ± 2.0 | 11.4 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.1 |
C | 45 | 89.5 ± 1.0 | 38.7 ± 0.8 | 13.7 ± 1.8 |
C | 60 | 94.2 ± 0.3 | 54.2 ± 8.6 | 14.1 ± 4.5 |
C | 120 | 89.5 ± 1.6 | 42.7 ± 4.9 | 12.6 ± 2.0 |
D | 0 | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
D | 45 | 85.1 ± 0.7 | 29.9 ± 0.4 | 9.7 ± 0.1 |
E | 60 | 62.9 ± 1.2 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 |
E | 120 | 82.7 ± 1.0 | 12.3 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.3 |
Group/Spinning Time | D/45 min | E/2 h |
---|---|---|
Voltage | 25 kV | 15 kV |
Flow rate | 5 mL/h | 2 mL/h |
PFE(%) | 85.1 | 82.7 |
Inspiratory impedance (mmH2O) | 29.9 | 12.3 |
Pressure difference (mmH2O/cm2) | 9.7 | 4.5 |
Average diameter (nm) | 836 | 375 |
Standard deviation | 329 | 69 |
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Lu, W.-C.; Chen, C.-Y.; Cho, C.-J.; Venkatesan, M.; Chiang, W.-H.; Yu, Y.-Y.; Lee, C.-H.; Lee, R.-H.; Rwei, S.-P.; Kuo, C.-C. Antibacterial Activity and Protection Efficiency of Polyvinyl Butyral Nanofibrous Membrane Containing Thymol Prepared through Vertical Electrospinning. Polymers 2021, 13, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13071122
Lu W-C, Chen C-Y, Cho C-J, Venkatesan M, Chiang W-H, Yu Y-Y, Lee C-H, Lee R-H, Rwei S-P, Kuo C-C. Antibacterial Activity and Protection Efficiency of Polyvinyl Butyral Nanofibrous Membrane Containing Thymol Prepared through Vertical Electrospinning. Polymers. 2021; 13(7):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13071122
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Wen-Chi, Ching-Yi Chen, Chia-Jung Cho, Manikandan Venkatesan, Wei-Hung Chiang, Yang-Yen Yu, Chen-Hung Lee, Rong-Ho Lee, Syang-Peng Rwei, and Chi-Ching Kuo. 2021. "Antibacterial Activity and Protection Efficiency of Polyvinyl Butyral Nanofibrous Membrane Containing Thymol Prepared through Vertical Electrospinning" Polymers 13, no. 7: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13071122