Degradability of Polyurethanes and Their Blends with Polylactide, Chitosan and Starch
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Degradability in Hydrolytic Conditions
2.2.2. Degradability in Oxidative Conditions
2.2.3. Chemical Structure
2.2.4. Molecular Weight
2.2.5. Surface Topography
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): The sample surfaces before and after hydrolysis were analyzed by a Hitachi S-4800 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Samples were metallically covered and scanned at an accelerated voltage of 10 kV at a working distance of 8 mm. Different zones of each sample were analyzed to ensure the morphology of each sample.
- Optical Microscopy(OM) micrographs were taken using a Nikon Eclipse E600W microscope (Mettler FP 82 HT, Melvile, NY, USA). The micrographs were collected with the software analySIS docu FIVE.
2.2.6. Thermal Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Weight Changes
3.2. Molecular Weight
3.3. Chemical Structure
3.4. Thermal Properties
3.5. Microscopic Observation
3.6. Degradation in Oxidative Solution
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical | Producer | Chemical | Producer |
---|---|---|---|
ß-butyrolactone | Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA | Tin(II) octanoate (OSn) | Alfa Aestar, Karlsruhe, Germany |
ß-18-crown-6 complex | Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA | Poly([D,L]-lactide) (PLA), Mn 18,000–28,000 | Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany |
2-iodoethanol and 2-bromoethanol | Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA | Pea starch (St) | HengshuiFuqiao Starch Co., Hengshui, China |
Poly(ε-caprolactone)diol (PCLdiol),Mn 1900 | Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA | Chitosan (Ch), Mn 171,000, degree of deacetylation 97% | MRI Gdynia, Gdynia, Poland |
Poly(ε-caprolactone)triol (PCLtriol), Mn 900 | Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA | Phosphate buffer (pH 7.01) | Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland |
4,4′-methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H12MDI) | Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA | H2O2 (30%) | Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland |
1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) | Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany | CoCl2 | Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland |
N,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF) | POCh, Gliwice, Poland |
Sample | Percentage of Oligomerol in Soft Segments [wt.%] | Percentage of Biopolymer in Blend [wt.%] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R,S-PHB | PCLtriol | PCLdiol | Ch | PLA | St | |
PUR 0/5 | 0 | 5 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 10/5 | 10 | 5 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 20/5 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 30/5 | 30 | 5 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 0/15 | 0 | 15 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 10/15 | 10 | 15 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 20/15 | 20 | 15 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 15/20 | 15 | 20 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 30/20 | 30 | 20 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 45/20 | 45 | 20 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 10/5+Ch1.5 | 10 | 5 | 85 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 10/5+Ch2.5 | 10 | 5 | 85 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 10/5+PLA | 10 | 5 | 85 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
PUR 20/5+Ch2.5 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
PUR 20/5+PLA | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
PUR 20/5+St | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 |
PUR 20/15+PLA | 20 | 15 | 65 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Sample | Mn[Da] | Mw/Mn | Mn Reduction After Hydrolysis [%] |
---|---|---|---|
PUR 0/5 * | 62 000 | 4.1 | - |
PUR 0/5 H * | 49 000 | 3.4 | 21.0 |
PUR 20/5 | 27 000 | 2.2 | - |
PUR 20/5 H | 9 700 | 2.6 | 64.1 |
PUR 30/5 | 17 500 | 2.2 | - |
PUR 30/5 H | 5 000 | 2.2 | 71.4 |
PUR 20/5+PLA | 26 000 | 2.4 | - |
PUR 20/5+PLA H | 5 900 | 2.5 | 77.3 |
Sample | Tg [°C] | Tm [°C] | ΔH [J/g] |
---|---|---|---|
PUR 0/5 | −43.1 | 47.8 | 20.9 |
PUR 0/5 H | −41.6 | 44.5/49.6 | 16.3 |
PUR 10/5 | −24.5 | 47.5 | 27.4 |
PUR 10/5 H | −16.0 | 44.0/56.0 | 52.6 |
PUR 20/5 | −18.0 | 50.4 | 25.8 |
PUR 20/5 H | −14.2 | 54.9 | 32.5 |
PUR 30/5 | −19.7 | 47.7 | 12.8 |
PUR 30/5 H | −14.0 | 44.4/55.2 | 15.8 |
PUR 0/15 | −45.3 | 46.2 | 0.9 |
PUR 0/15 H | −42.1 | 42.9 | 0.3 |
PUR 10/15 | −36.6 | 47.3/57.3 | 5.5 |
PUR 10/15 H | −24.0 | 42.3/55.7 | 17.7 |
PUR 20/15 | −33.0 | 51.1 | 0.8 |
PUR 20/15 H | −14.0 | 47.0/57.0 | 23.8 |
PUR 15/20 | −39.4 | 47.1 | 7.7 |
PUR 15/20 H | −22.4 | 45.0/56.9 | 12.6 |
PUR 30/20 | −11.5 | 47.5 | 10.1 |
PUR 30/20 H | −9.5 | 44.7/56.0 | 10.0 |
PUR 45/20 | −8.9 | 47.7 | 3.6 |
PUR 45/20 H | −2.4 | 44.2/57.2 | 6.9 |
Sample | Tg [°C] | Tm [°C] | ΔH [J/g] |
---|---|---|---|
PUR 10/5 | −24.5 | 47.5 | 27.4 |
PUR 10/5 H | −16.0 | 44.0/56.0 | 52.6 |
PUR 10/5+Ch1.5 | −32.5 | 50.8 | 17.3 |
PUR 10/5+Ch1.5 H | - | 2.4 | 66.6 |
PUR 10/5+Ch2.5 | −36.7 | 52.5 | 13.1 |
PUR 10/5+Ch2.5 H | - | 7.1 | 79.4 |
PUR 20/5 | −18.0 | 50.4 | 25.8 |
PUR 20/5 H | −14.2 | 54.9 | 32.5 |
PUR 20/5+Ch2.5 | −24.9 | 51.8 | 13.1 |
PUR 20/5+Ch2.5 H | −24.1 | 45.0 | 18.7 |
PUR 20/5+St | −26.7 | 51.1 | 11.9 |
PUR 20/5+St H | - | 3.3 | 115.5 |
Sample | Tg [°C] | Tm [°C] | ΔH [J/g] |
---|---|---|---|
PUR 10/5 | −24.5 | 47.5 | 27.4 |
PUR 10/5 H | −16.0 | 44.0/56.0 | 52.6 |
PUR 10/5+PLA | −35.3 | 48.9/79.4 | 19.9 |
PUR 10/5+PLA H | - | 7.3 | 79.2 |
PUR 20/5 | −18.0 | 50.4 | 25.8 |
PUR 20/5 H | −14.2 | 54.9 | 32.5 |
PUR 20/5+PLA | −29.5 | 50.1 | 10.1 |
PUR 20/5+PLA H | −15.0 | 45.0/54.0 | 27.1 |
PUR 20/15 | −33.0 | 51.1 | 0.8 |
PUR 20/15 H | −14.0 | 47.0/57.0 | 23.8 |
PUR 20/15+PLA | −32.6 | 49.7 | 0.2 |
PUR 20/15+PLA H | −15.0 | 47.0/52.0 | 19.3 |
Sample | The Weight Changes [%] with Time of Incubation [Weeks] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 7 | 11 | |
PUR 0/5 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.4 | −0.8 |
PUR 10/5 | −1.3 | 0.1 | −1.9 | disintegration |
PUR 20/5 | −1 | disintegration | ||
PUR 30/5 | −2.1 | disintegration | ||
PUR 0/15 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.5 | −1.2 |
PUR 10/15 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −1 | −38.1 |
PUR 20/15 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −1.3 | disintegration |
PUR 15/20 | −1.1 | −1.6 | −2.1 | −40 |
PUR 30/20 | −1.7 | −1.7 | −5.6 | disintegration |
PUR 45/20 | −2 | −2 | −13 | disintegration |
PUR 10/5+Ch1.5 | −2 | disintegration | ||
PUR 10/5+Ch2.5 | −5.4 | disintegration | ||
PUR 10/5+PLA | 0.2 | −0.1 | −12.7 | disintegration |
PUR 20/5+Ch2.5 | −29.3 | disintegration | ||
PUR 20/5+PLA | −6.1 | disintegration | ||
PUR 20/5+St | −6.3 | disintegration | ||
PUR 20/15+PLA | −0.7 | −1.1 | −5 | disintegration |
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Brzeska, J.; Tercjak, A.; Sikorska, W.; Mendrek, B.; Kowalczuk, M.; Rutkowska, M. Degradability of Polyurethanes and Their Blends with Polylactide, Chitosan and Starch. Polymers 2021, 13, 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081202
Brzeska J, Tercjak A, Sikorska W, Mendrek B, Kowalczuk M, Rutkowska M. Degradability of Polyurethanes and Their Blends with Polylactide, Chitosan and Starch. Polymers. 2021; 13(8):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081202
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrzeska, Joanna, Agnieszka Tercjak, Wanda Sikorska, Barbara Mendrek, Marek Kowalczuk, and Maria Rutkowska. 2021. "Degradability of Polyurethanes and Their Blends with Polylactide, Chitosan and Starch" Polymers 13, no. 8: 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081202
APA StyleBrzeska, J., Tercjak, A., Sikorska, W., Mendrek, B., Kowalczuk, M., & Rutkowska, M. (2021). Degradability of Polyurethanes and Their Blends with Polylactide, Chitosan and Starch. Polymers, 13(8), 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081202