Optical pH Sensor Based on Immobilization Anthocyanin from Dioscorea alata L. onto Polyelectrolyte Complex Pectin–Chitosan Membrane for a Determination Method of Salivary pH
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemicals and Apparatus
3. Experimental
3.1. Preparation of Anthocyanin/Pectin–Chitosan
3.2. Membrane Characterization
3.3. Sensitivity Optical pH Sensor Determination in Citrate and Phosphate Buffer Solutions
3.4. Determination of Sensitivity of Optical pH Sensors at Various Phosphate Buffer Concentrations
3.5. Reproducibility, Response Time, and Lifetime Studies on the Optical pH Sensor
3.6. Real Sample Measurement
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Synthesis and FTIR Characterization of the Investigated Systems
4.2. Morphological Properties
4.3. Thermal Characteristics
4.4. Optical pH Sensor Optimization
Effect of the Anthocyanin Concentration on Sensor Sensitivity
4.5. Characterization of Optical pH Sensor
4.5.1. Response Time
4.5.2. Reproducibility of Optical pH Sensors
4.5.3. Lifetime Profile of Optical Sensor pH
5. Salivary pH Determination
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anthocyanin Concentration (mg/L) | Citrate Buffer | Phosphate Buffer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH Range | Sensitivity (AU/pH Unit) | R2 | pH Range | Sensitivity (AU/pH Unit) | R2 | |
0.025 | 4.0–6.0 | 0.0423 ± 0.003 | 0.933 | 4.8–9.0 | 0.0785 ± 0.001 | 0.9830 |
0.0375 | 4.0–5.5 | 0.0795 ± 0.004 | 0.999 | 4.8–9.0 | 0.0744 ± 0.001 | 0.9679 |
0.05 | 5.0–7.5 | 0.0128 ± 0.001 | 0.969 | 4.8–7.5 | 0.0730 ± 0.003 | 0.9711 |
Phosphate Buffer | |||
---|---|---|---|
Concentration (M) | pH Range | Sensitivity (AU/pH Unit) | R2 |
0.01 | 7.0–9.5 | 0.0588 ± 0.0145 | 0.9760 |
0.03 | 7.0–9.5 | 0.0623 ± 0.0070 | 0.9616 |
0.05 | 6.5–9.5 | 0.0682 ± 0.009 | 0.9614 |
0.075 | 4.8–9.5 | 0.056 ± 0.02 | 0.9746 |
0.1 | 4.8–9.5 | 0.0786 ± 0.001 | 0.9838 |
No. | Optical pH Sensor | Absorbance (AU) |
---|---|---|
1 | Sensor A | 0.461 |
2 | Sensor B | 0.450 |
3 | Sensor C | 0.401 |
4 | Sensor D | 0.413 |
5 | Sensor E | 0.460 |
6 | Sensor F | 0.463 |
7 | Sensor G | 0.513 |
8 | Sensor H | 0.471 |
9 | Sensor I | 0.436 |
10 | Sensor J | 0.516 |
Average | 0.458 | |
SD | 0.0352 | |
RSD (%) | 7.687 |
No. | Age of People from Whom Saliva Samples Were Tested before Meals (Years) | pH Determined by Optical pH Sensor | pH Determined by Ion Selective Electrode (ISE H+) | Tvalue | Ttable |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 6 | 7.23 | 7.3 | 0.835 | 2.92 |
2. | 22 | 6.83 | 7.15 | 2.29 | |
3. | 56 | 6.50 | 6.8 | 1.42 |
No. | Time after Meal (Min) | Optical pH Sensor | ISE H+ | Tvalue | Ttable |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Before meal | 6.83 | 7.15 | 2.29 | 2.92 |
2. | 15 | 6.76 | 6.73 | 1.48 | |
3. | 30 | 6.62 | 6.63 | 0.539 | |
4. | 45 | 6.85 | 6.81 | 1.09 | |
5. | 60 | 6.96 | 6.91 | 1.80 |
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Safitri, E.; Humaira, H.; Murniana, M.; Nazaruddin, N.; Iqhrammullah, M.; Md Sani, N.D.; Esmaeili, C.; Susilawati, S.; Mahathir, M.; Latansa Nazaruddin, S. Optical pH Sensor Based on Immobilization Anthocyanin from Dioscorea alata L. onto Polyelectrolyte Complex Pectin–Chitosan Membrane for a Determination Method of Salivary pH. Polymers 2021, 13, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081276
Safitri E, Humaira H, Murniana M, Nazaruddin N, Iqhrammullah M, Md Sani ND, Esmaeili C, Susilawati S, Mahathir M, Latansa Nazaruddin S. Optical pH Sensor Based on Immobilization Anthocyanin from Dioscorea alata L. onto Polyelectrolyte Complex Pectin–Chitosan Membrane for a Determination Method of Salivary pH. Polymers. 2021; 13(8):1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081276
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafitri, Eka, Hani Humaira, Murniana Murniana, Nazaruddin Nazaruddin, Muhammad Iqhrammullah, Nor Diyana Md Sani, Chakavak Esmaeili, Susilawati Susilawati, Muhammad Mahathir, and Salsabilla Latansa Nazaruddin. 2021. "Optical pH Sensor Based on Immobilization Anthocyanin from Dioscorea alata L. onto Polyelectrolyte Complex Pectin–Chitosan Membrane for a Determination Method of Salivary pH" Polymers 13, no. 8: 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081276