Review on Modification of Glucomannan as an Excipient in Solid Dosage Forms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Polysaccharides from Different Sources
3.1. Natural Polysaccharides
3.2. Petrochemical Synthesis
4. Structure and Physicochemical Properties of GM
5. Extraction Optimization
6. Chemical Modification
6.1. Increased Solubility
6.2. Reduced Viscosity
6.3. Increased Tensile Strength
6.4. Improved Thermal Stability
7. Physical Modification
8. GM application as an Excipient for Solid Dosage Forms
8.1. Direct Compression Excipient
8.2. Tablet Disintegrants
8.3. Film-Forming Agent
8.4. Sustained Release Agent
9. Discussion
10. Future Recommendations
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Sources | Part | Extraction Method | Principle | Extraction Solvent | Molecular Weight | % Yield | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aloe barbadensis M. | Leaves | Cold method (maceration for 24 h) | Maceration at room temperature with frequent agitation intended to soften and break the plant’s cell wall to release glucomannan | Ethanol precipitation | 1.2 MDa | 23.4% | [59] |
Amorphophallus muelleri B. | Tubers | Cold method (maceration for 3 h) | Multilevel concentration of ethanol (40, 60, and 80%) | NA | 62.2% | [55] | |
Amorphophallus konjac | Tubers | Cold method for 90 min | 50% ethanol | 9.5 × 105 g/mol | 91.4% | [60] | |
Colocasia esculenta L. | Tubers | Cold method with centrifugal rotational | Separation of starch and glucomannan is done by adding electrolyte salts such as NaCl to break the bond between starch and glucomannan Maceration at room temperature with frequent agitation intended to soften and break the plant’s cell wall to release the soluble glucomannan. Centrifugal rotational promotes the starch precipitate faster. | Isopropyl alcohol precipitation. Crude extract was extracted with water for 2 h | NA | 4.08% | [61] |
Amorphophallus campanulatus B.) | Tubers | Cold method with centrifugal rotational | Isopropyl alcohol precipitation. Crude extract was extracted with water for 2 h | NA | 5.64% | [61] | |
Salacca edulis R. | Seeds | Hot water extraction (T = 95 °C for 2 h) | Glucomannan has greater solubility in hot water and is stable enough for minimum destruction with hot water extraction. | 95% isopropyl alcohol solvent in a ratio (1:17) | 2.057 × 104 g/mol | 40.19% | [62] |
Durio zeibethinus M. | Seeds | Hot method (T = 95 °C for 2 h) | Isopropyl alcohol precipitation. Crude extract was washed with ethanol 95% | NA | 39.60% | [63] | |
Dioscorea esculenta | Tubers | Hot method (T = 105 °C for 90 min) | Hot water extraction of the precipitate with isopropyl alcohol | 1.865 × 104 g/mol | 53.09% | [64] | |
Bletilla striata | Tubers | Hot water extraction (T = 80 °C for 4 h) | 95% ethanol precipitation. Crude extract was purified with DEAE-52 cellulose column | 1.7 × 105 Da | 27.21% | [65] | |
Amorphophallus oncophyllus | Tubers | Hot water extraction (T = 55 °C for 1.5 h) | Purified with 95% ethanol | NA | 93.84% | [6] | |
Amorphophallus oncophyllus | Tubers | Ultrasonic | Ultrasonic breaking of plant cell wall significantly improves glucomannan extraction efficiency | 60% isopropanol | NA | 59.36% | [66] |
Cibotium barometz | Rhizomes | Alkali extraction | Glucomannan, a higher molecular weight polysaccharide, has greater solubility in dilute alkaline solutions than in hot water. Generally, extraction of the polysaccharides is first carried out in hot water and thereafter a dilute alkaline solution is employed for the extraction of residual polysaccharides. | Sodium hydroxide ([NaOH] 0.3 mol/L) | 1445 Da | 8.25% | [67] |
Combination of Excipients | Co-Processed | Application | Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
GM and HPMC K 100 LV | Microwave on level 5 (350 W) for 30 min | Matrix for gastro-retentive tablets forming a porous channel that allows the polymer mixture to absorb more water and expand, followed by prolonged drug release | Hydrogen bonds in single polymers have low energy, but the simultaneous formation of interlinked hydrogen bonds between polymer components provides significant interaction strength, resulting in a matrix that floats quickly and maintains the integrity of the polymer mixture under acidic conditions. | [97] |
GM and lactose | Wet granulation | Filler–binder for direct compression of effervescent tablets | GM has a high viscosity and strong adhesive properties, thus providing good tablet binding effectiveness. GM has poor solubility in water, so it is combined with lactose as a water-soluble ingredient and to improve the poor flowability of lactose. | [98] |
GM, sodium alginate (SA), and graphene oxide (GO) | Freeze dried | Microsphere-making polymers that enhance targeted delivery of drugs or nutrients to the colon | GM interacts with SA via hydrogen bonding and physical entanglement, and GO enhances these interactions in the microspheres. In addition, GO can greatly improve the loading efficiency of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) of microspheres, and achieve the sustained release effect of CPFX. | [26] |
Oxidized GM, cassava starch, and sucrose esters | Dry heated | The OGM–CS combination exhibits low solubility and swellability, which makes it a possible excipient for the formulation of sustained-release drugs. However, the addition of SE significantly decreased porosity and swelling of the tablets, which inhibited immediate drug release. | Heating OGM and CS to high temperatures causes structural damage that limits the solubility and swelling ability of the polymer. The addition of SE with HLB 5 decreased porosity and slowed drug release because the more closed structure inhibited free movement of the drug out of the matrix. In addition, more hydroxyl groups in SE form hydrogen bonds, increasing intergranular bonding. | [84] |
CMGM and 2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) | Complex coacervation and freeze dried | The coaservation complex formed can encapsulate and control the release of the molecular model for the vaccine, namely ovalbumin (OVA). | The anionic carboxyl group of CMGM and the cationic quaternary amine group of HACC cause intramolecular electrostatic attraction that causes the HACC and CMGM macromolecular chains to aggress and coil, forming the CMGM/HACC composite nanosphere. | [23] |
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Aanisah, N.; Wardhana, Y.W.; Chaerunisaa, A.Y.; Budiman, A. Review on Modification of Glucomannan as an Excipient in Solid Dosage Forms. Polymers 2022, 14, 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132550
Aanisah N, Wardhana YW, Chaerunisaa AY, Budiman A. Review on Modification of Glucomannan as an Excipient in Solid Dosage Forms. Polymers. 2022; 14(13):2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132550
Chicago/Turabian StyleAanisah, Nuur, Yoga W. Wardhana, Anis Y. Chaerunisaa, and Arif Budiman. 2022. "Review on Modification of Glucomannan as an Excipient in Solid Dosage Forms" Polymers 14, no. 13: 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132550