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Volume 14
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Article

Formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cephalexin: Physiochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation

by
Ameeduzzafar Zafar
1,*,
Mohd Yasir
2,
Nabil K. Alruwaili
1,
Syed Sarim Imam
3,*,
Omar Awad Alsaidan
1,
Sultan Alshehri
3,
Mohammed M. Ghoneim
4,
Ali Alquraini
5,
Alenazy Rawaf
6,
Mohammad Javed Ansari
7 and
Udai Vir Singh Sara
8
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella 396, Ethiopia
3
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65731, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Shaqra, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
8
Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051055
Submission received: 15 December 2021 / Revised: 15 February 2022 / Accepted: 25 February 2022 / Published: 7 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Polymers and Nanocomposites)
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Abstract

A cephalexin (CEP) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed in this study to improve the drug’s oral administration. The CEP-SNEDDS was made utilizing an aqueous titration method employing Lauroglycol 90, Poloxamer 188, and Transcutol-HP. Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors at three levels was used for optimization, and their impacts on globule size (nm), transmittance (percent), and emulsification time (s) were assessed. The optimized formulation (Opt-F3) was further tested for zeta potential, refractive index, percent transmittance, thermodynamic stability, in-vitro release, ex vivo permeability, antibacterial activity, and bioavailability. The chosen formulation (Opt-F3) had a globule size of 87.25 ± 3.16 nm, PDI of 0.25, zeta potential of −24.37 mV, self-emulsification duration of 52 ± 1.7 s, and percentage transmittance of 99.13 ± 1.5%, viscosity of 96.26 ± 2.72 cp, and refractive index of 1.29 ± 0.1. It showed a sustained release profile (94.28 ± 5.92 percent in 24 h). The Opt-F3 formulation had 3.95 times the permeability of CEP-dispersion. In comparison to CEP-dispersion, it also demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The oral bioavailability of Opt-F3 is 3.48 times higher than that of CEP-dispersion, according to an in-vivo investigation. It has been determined that the prepared CEP-SNEDDS may be an advantageous carrier for CEP delivery.
Keywords: oral delivery; cephalexin; SNEDDS; anti-microbial activity; pharmacokinetic activity oral delivery; cephalexin; SNEDDS; anti-microbial activity; pharmacokinetic activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zafar, A.; Yasir, M.; Alruwaili, N.K.; Imam, S.S.; Alsaidan, O.A.; Alshehri, S.; Ghoneim, M.M.; Alquraini, A.; Rawaf, A.; Ansari, M.J.; et al. Formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cephalexin: Physiochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation. Polymers 2022, 14, 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051055

AMA Style

Zafar A, Yasir M, Alruwaili NK, Imam SS, Alsaidan OA, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Alquraini A, Rawaf A, Ansari MJ, et al. Formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cephalexin: Physiochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation. Polymers. 2022; 14(5):1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051055

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zafar, Ameeduzzafar, Mohd Yasir, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Syed Sarim Imam, Omar Awad Alsaidan, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Ali Alquraini, Alenazy Rawaf, Mohammad Javed Ansari, and et al. 2022. "Formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cephalexin: Physiochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation" Polymers 14, no. 5: 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051055

APA Style

Zafar, A., Yasir, M., Alruwaili, N. K., Imam, S. S., Alsaidan, O. A., Alshehri, S., Ghoneim, M. M., Alquraini, A., Rawaf, A., Ansari, M. J., & Sara, U. V. S. (2022). Formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cephalexin: Physiochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation. Polymers, 14(5), 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051055

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