Protein-Based Hydrogels: Promising Materials for Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Protein-Based Hydrogels
Protein Engineering for PBHs Formation
3. TE-Related Applications of PBHs
3.1. Collagen-Based Hydrogels
3.2. Gelatin-Based Hydrogels
3.3. Serum Albumin-Based Hydrogels
3.4. Elastin-Based Hydrogels
3.5. Keratin-Based Hydrogels
3.6. Resilin-Based Hydrogels
3.7. Silk-Based Hydrogels
4. Delivery Strategies
4.1. Infused GF Delivery
4.2. Scaffold Immobilization
4.3. Spatiotemporally Controlled Delivery
5. Critical Determinants of GF and PBHs
6. Summary, Challenges, and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proteins | Cross-Linking | Hydrogel Components | Effects of Protein Component | Target Tissue | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collagen | Physical cross-linking Adjustment of pH (50 mM HEPES), employment of CaCl2 and thrombin, and UV exposure | - | Showed rapid mouse myoblast cells’ infiltration and micro-vascularization | Heart | [98] |
Thermally cross-linking Incubation for 30 min | - | Formed a lattice pattern for cornea structure | Cornea | [99] | |
- | Alginate | Increased chondrocyte cell viability (up to 90%) | Cartilage | [100] | |
Thermally cross-linking Incubation at 37 °C | - | Displayed significant osteogenic differentiation | Bone | [101] | |
Gelatin | Physical cross-linking UV exposure, Irgacure 2959 (0.5% w/v) | GelMA | Produced endothelial cell-responsive tissues | Blood vessel | [102] |
Chemical cross-linking Borax (0.1 M, 30 s) | Alginate | Promoted mouse chondrocytes’ adhesion, viability, and proliferation | Cartilage | [103] | |
- | PEI-Ppy | Developed antibacterial properties | Skin | [104] | |
Physical cross-linking UV exposure, Irgacure 2959 (0.5% w/v) | GelMA | Aided keratinocytes’ proliferation and differentiation | Skin | [105] | |
Serum albumin | Chemical cross-linking Adjustment of pH (NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4) | PEG-SS2-bioglass | Accelerated the wound healing process | Skin | [106] |
Ionic cross-linking (Ag+) | - | Significantly increased osteogenesis differentiation | Bone | [107] | |
Ionic cross-linking (CaCl2) | Sodium alginate-Hydroxyapatite | Affected the differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Cartilage | [108] | |
Thermally cross-linking Incubation at 75–80 °C | Fibroin | Created contractile heart tissue | Heart | [109] | |
Elastin | Thermally cross-linking incubation at 37 °C | Collagen | Accelerated the heart valve endothelial cells’ growth | Heart | [110] |
Modification of SKS concentration | Plasma | Improved mechanical characteristics and biological capabilities | Skin | [111] | |
Chemical cross-linking N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl(EDC) | Collagen | Tackled bacterial infection | Bone | [112] | |
- | - | Controlled angiogenesis | Blood vessel | [113] | |
Keratin | Disulfide cross-linking | - | Showed rapid penetration, propagation, and differentiation of MSCs | Cartilage | [114] |
Chemical cross-linking Sodium trimetaphosphate | Konjac glucomannan, Oat | Aided collagen formation | Skin | [115] | |
Disulfide cross-linking | Glucose-triggered | Decreased gel formation time | Skin | [116] | |
Disulfide cross-linking | - | Developed hydrogel biocompatibility | Bone and Skin | [117] | |
Resilin | Chemical cross-linking Tris(hydroxymethyl phosphine) | Fibronectin | Increased human MSCs’ proliferation | Cartilage | [118] |
Chemical cross-linking PEG macromers | PEG-vinyl sulfone | Increased aortic cell viability | Cardiovascular | [119] | |
Chemical cross-linking Tris(hydroxymethyl phosphine) | - | Increased hydrogel flexibility and bioactivity | Vocal fold | [120] | |
Chemical cross-linking 3,3′-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) | - | Displayed remarkable NIH/3T3 fibroblasts’ growth in a day (>95%) | - | [121] | |
Silk | - | Fibroin | Improved rat cardiomyocytes cells’ attachment and activities | Heart | [122] |
Enzyme-mediated cross-linking | - | Provided the repair of osteochondral tissue | Bone and Cartilage | [123] | |
Physical cross-linking UV exposure, LAP (0.6% w/v) | Glycidyl methacrylate | Displayed proliferation and viability of chondrocyte cell after four week | Cartilage | [124] | |
Thermally cross-linking at physiological temperature | Chitosan | Positively impacted MC3T3-E1 cells’ adhesion and proliferation | Bone | [125] |
Hydrogels Composition | Growth Factor | Delivery Method | Tissue | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan-Hyaluronic acid | NGF | Static scaffold seeding | Nerve | [211] |
Keratin-Keratose | IGF-1 and bFGF | Static scaffold seeding | Skeletal muscle | [212] |
PEGDA | EGF | Bioreactor utilization | Liver | [218] |
Chitosan–Gelatin | TGF-β2 | Bioreactor utilization | Cartilage | [219] |
Gelatin | bFGF | Physical immobilization | Vocal fold | [225] |
Aldehyde chitosan-amino-end PEG | VEGF | Physical immobilization | Skin | [226] |
Sodium carboxymethyl chitosan | rhEGF | Chemical immobilization | Skin | [233] |
HA-GelMA | TGF-β3 and BMP-2 | Chemical immobilization | Osteochondral | [238] |
Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-propyl acrylic acid-co-butyl acrylate) | bFGF | Spatiotemporally controlled delivery | Heart | [241] |
PEG | HGF and VEGF | Spatiotemporally controlled delivery | Heart | [243] |
Heparin-modified alginate-iron oxide nanoparticles | TGF-β1 | Spatiotemporally controlled delivery | Cartilage | [247] |
PEG | BMP-2 and BMP-7 | Spatiotemporally controlled delivery | Bone | [249] |
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Davari, N.; Bakhtiary, N.; Khajehmohammadi, M.; Sarkari, S.; Tolabi, H.; Ghorbani, F.; Ghalandari, B. Protein-Based Hydrogels: Promising Materials for Tissue Engineering. Polymers 2022, 14, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050986
Davari N, Bakhtiary N, Khajehmohammadi M, Sarkari S, Tolabi H, Ghorbani F, Ghalandari B. Protein-Based Hydrogels: Promising Materials for Tissue Engineering. Polymers. 2022; 14(5):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050986
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavari, Niyousha, Negar Bakhtiary, Mehran Khajehmohammadi, Soulmaz Sarkari, Hamidreza Tolabi, Farnaz Ghorbani, and Behafarid Ghalandari. 2022. "Protein-Based Hydrogels: Promising Materials for Tissue Engineering" Polymers 14, no. 5: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050986