The Imperative Need of Metal Salt for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater via the Synergic Coagulation-Flocculation Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Kuwait Tile Wastewater Sample
2.2. Batch Experiment
- ❖
- Coagulation precedes flocculation;
- ❖
- Chemicals (coagulants) are added in the coagulation step;
- ❖
- Mixing in coagulation is fast and occurs for a short time (seconds up to a minute);
- ❖
- In flocculation, no chemicals are added, with gentle mixing occurring for a long time (minutes).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Kuwait Tile Factory-Industrial Wastewater
3.2. Effect of Dosage
3.3. Effect of pH
3.4. Effect of Time
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TSS | Total suspended solids |
FeCl3 | Ferric chloride hexahydrate |
TDS | Total dissolved solids |
COD | Chemical oxygen demand |
BOD | Biological oxygen demand |
Ca | Calcium |
Mg | Magnesium |
Fe | Iron |
Cu | Copper |
KEPA | Kuwait Environmental Public Authority |
SO4 | Sulfate |
PACl | Polyaluminum chloride |
NTU | Nephelometric Turbidity Units |
Fe(OH)3 | Ferric hydroxide |
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Tile Industry Wastewater | KEPA Standards for Industrial Discharge to Sewer (Parson 2002) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | pH | (mg/L) | Turbidity (NTU) | Conductivity (µS/cm) | pH | Concentration (mg/L) | Turbidity (NTU) |
TSS | 12.8 | 26,350 | 13,610 | 7975 | 6-8 | 300 | 50 |
TDS | 4800 | 1500 | |||||
COD | 22.9 | 750 | |||||
BOD | 0.27 | 500 | |||||
Alkalinity | 3600 | -- | |||||
Chloride | 1203 | -- | |||||
Hardness | 119.4 | -- | |||||
Ca | 44.9 | -- | |||||
Mg | 1.77 | -- |
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Al-Anzi, B.S.; Naik, M.-u.-d.; Ahmad, M. The Imperative Need of Metal Salt for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater via the Synergic Coagulation-Flocculation Method. Polymers 2022, 14, 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091651
Al-Anzi BS, Naik M-u-d, Ahmad M. The Imperative Need of Metal Salt for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater via the Synergic Coagulation-Flocculation Method. Polymers. 2022; 14(9):1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091651
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Anzi, Bader S., Mehraj-ud-din Naik, and Mudasir Ahmad. 2022. "The Imperative Need of Metal Salt for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater via the Synergic Coagulation-Flocculation Method" Polymers 14, no. 9: 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091651