An Experimental Study on the Hot Alkali Extraction of Xylan-Based Hemicelluloses from Wheat Straw and Corn Stalks and Optimization Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials Preparation and Analysis
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Hot Alkaline Extraction of Hemicelluloses
2.4. Separation and Characterization of Extracted Hemicelluloses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of Raw Materials
3.2. The Influence of the HAE Process Parameters on Xylan and Total Extraction Yields
3.3. Optimization of Hot Alkaline Extraction of Hemicelluloses from Wheat Straw
3.4. Optimization of Hot Alkaline Extraction of Hemicelluloses from Corn Stalks
3.5. Optimal Values for the Wheat Straw and Corn Stalk HAEs
3.6. Hemicellulose Characterization: Wheat Straw vs. Corn Stalks
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Variables | Measure Units | Code | Range | Symbol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
from | to | ||||
Reaction time | minutes | X1 | 60 | 120 | t |
Temperature | °C | X2 | 80 | 120 | T |
NaOH concentration | wt.% | X3 | 2 | 10 | CNaOH |
C (%) | HC (%) | L (%) | 1% NaOH (%) | HWE (%) | Ash | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS | 42.9 (0.40) 1 40.87 (0.98) 2 | 35.45 3 (0.77) | 20.25 4 | 44.36 (0.66) | 11.85 (0.18) | 4.55 (0.25) | ||
X2, % | 22.5 (0.72) | AIL, % | 18.5 (0.65) | |||||
A2, % | 5.34 (0.65) | ASL, % | 1.75 (0.12) | |||||
CS | 45.09 (0.87) 1 43.68 (1.19) 2 | 27.35 3 (1.31) | 23.58 5 | 43.09 (0.87) | 15.44 (0.18) | 6.53 (0.36) | ||
X2, % | 19.64 (1.14) | AIL, % | 22.12 (0.89) | |||||
A2, % | 3.42 (0.89) | ASL, % | 1.46 (0.28) |
Exp. | Time (minutes) | Temperature (°C) | CNaOH (%) | XEYWS (%) | TEYWS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | Y1 | Y2 | |
1 | 60 | 80 | 2 | 23.45 | 40.70 |
2 | 120 | 80 | 2 | 19.44 | 44.20 |
3 | 60 | 100 | 2 | 37.23 | 44.52 |
4 | 120 | 100 | 2 | 41.51 | 46.85 |
5 | 60 | 120 | 2 | 20.78 | 45.80 |
6 | 120 | 120 | 2 | 28.57 | 40.40 |
7 | 60 | 100 | 6 | 61.21 | 53.27 |
8 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 61.73 | 54.20 |
9 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 60.98 | 54.10 |
10 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 62.04 | 52.95 |
11 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 61.25 | 53.50 |
12 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 60.88 | 53.17 |
13 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 61.05 | 53.83 |
14 | 60 | 80 | 10 | 47.08 | 49.65 |
15 | 120 | 80 | 10 | 41.05 | 51.80 |
16 | 60 | 100 | 10 | 52.33 | 54.95 |
17 | 90 | 100 | 10 | 49.96 | 51.44 |
18 | 120 | 100 | 10 | 51.32 | 53.20 |
19 | 60 | 120 | 10 | 48.34 | 55.40 |
20 | 120 | 120 | 10 | 50.21 | 47.70 |
Exp. | Time (minutes) | Temperature (°C) | CNaOH (%) | XEYCS (%) | TEYCS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | Y1 | Y2 | |
1 | 60 | 80 | 2 | 44.36 | 44.09 |
2 | 120 | 80 | 2 | 30.88 | 45.80 |
3 | 90 | 100 | 2 | 34.59 | 51.03 |
4 | 60 | 120 | 2 | 32.34 | 50.36 |
5 | 120 | 120 | 2 | 32.37 | 45.78 |
6 | 90 | 80 | 6 | 35.48 | 48.03 |
7 | 60 | 100 | 6 | 45.90 | 57.70 |
8 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 50.15 | 54.33 |
9 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 45.20 | 57.50 |
10 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 47.60 | 54.45 |
11 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 46.21 | 53.05 |
12 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 47.80 | 54.50 |
13 | 90 | 100 | 6 | 46.50 | 57.10 |
14 | 120 | 100 | 6 | 46.20 | 58.90 |
15 | 90 | 120 | 6 | 43.85 | 56.55 |
16 | 60 | 80 | 10 | 37.23 | 53.19 |
17 | 120 | 80 | 10 | 40.58 | 53.24 |
18 | 90 | 100 | 10 | 42.67 | 59.90 |
19 | 60 | 120 | 10 | 42.40 | 56.45 |
20 | 120 | 120 | 10 | 50.78 | 60.55 |
Raw Material | Model Response | F Value | p-Value | Adjusted R2 | Predicted R2 | Adequate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS | Y1 | 50.46 | <0.0001 | 0.9398 | 0.8746 | 19.34 |
Y2 | 47.34 | <0.0001 | 0.9447 | 0.8584 | 19.93 | |
CS | Y3 | 37.71 | <0.0001 | 0.9379 | 0.8175 | 20.51 |
Y4 | 23.56 | <0.0001 | 0.8758 | 0.7270 | 15.79 |
Raw Material | Time (minutes) | Temperature (°C) | CNaOH (%) | Predicted XEY (%) | Predicted TEY (%) | Experimental XEY (%) | Experimental TEY (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS * | 72 | 100 | 7 | 62.65 | 54.68 | 61.82 (1.57) | 51.60 (2.45) |
CS | 118 | 116 | 9 | 50.85 | 57.03 | 52.91 (0.89) | 60.62 (1.24) |
CS * | 72 | 100 | 7 | 47.26 | 55.87 | 46.89 (1.74) | 53.90 (1.89) |
Raw Material | HC Yield | Process Conditions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Wheat straw | 83% | 1.5% NaOH (w/v); 20 °C; 144 h multiple stage and multiple hemicellulose fractions; preliminary chlorite/acetic acid removal of lignin | [73] |
81% | 10% NaOH (w/v); S/L ratio of 1:40; 20 °C; 6 h | [73] | |
56.1% | 10% NaOH (w/v); S/L ratio of 1:20; 40 °C; 90 min | [74] | |
33.3% | 10% NaOH (w/v); S/L ratio of 1:14; 40 °C; 90 min | [75] | |
Corn stalks | 72% | 4% NaOH (w/v); S/L ratio of 1:100; 30 °C; 18 h | [76] |
65% | 10% NaOH (w/v); S/L ratio of 1:20; 20 °C; 10 h; (pre-treatment with hot water; S/L ratio of 1:20; 80 °C; 2 h; and lignin removal by chlorine dioxide treatment) | [77] | |
80% | 10% NaOH (w/v); S/L ratio of 1:10; 90 °C; 2 h | [78] |
Sample | Glucan (%) | Xylan (%) | Arabinan (%) | Purity (%) | Color Value 104 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCWS | 1.08 | 87.83 | 11.09 | 66.9% | 9.74 |
HCCS | 0.56 | 92.95 | 6.44 | 74.2% | 8.75 |
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Puițel, A.C.; Suditu, G.D.; Danu, M.; Ailiesei, G.-L.; Nechita, M.T. An Experimental Study on the Hot Alkali Extraction of Xylan-Based Hemicelluloses from Wheat Straw and Corn Stalks and Optimization Methods. Polymers 2022, 14, 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091662
Puițel AC, Suditu GD, Danu M, Ailiesei G-L, Nechita MT. An Experimental Study on the Hot Alkali Extraction of Xylan-Based Hemicelluloses from Wheat Straw and Corn Stalks and Optimization Methods. Polymers. 2022; 14(9):1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091662
Chicago/Turabian StylePuițel, Adrian Cătălin, Gabriel Dan Suditu, Maricel Danu, Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei, and Mircea Teodor Nechita. 2022. "An Experimental Study on the Hot Alkali Extraction of Xylan-Based Hemicelluloses from Wheat Straw and Corn Stalks and Optimization Methods" Polymers 14, no. 9: 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091662