Sol–Gel Approach for Fabricating Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Sol–Gel Route—A Few Basic Concepts
Functionalized Nanoparticles through Sol–Gel Chemistry
3. Nanocomposite Synthesis
- Extra situ: It consists in making the nanoparticles and disperse them in the matrix.
- In situ: It exploits the “mildness” of the reaction conditions that allows us to prepare nanoparticles in the presence of organic moieties like polymers or monomers.
3.1. Synthesis by Dispersion of Preformed Nanoparticles (Ex Situ Process)
3.2. In Situ Sol–Gel Chemistry
- A “one-step” procedure: All the reagents are mixed simultaneously.
- A “simultaneous two-step” procedure: The silica precursor is first pre-hydrolyzed in a first step, then the monomer and the curing agent are added in order to build up both organic and inorganic networks.
- A “sequential two-step” procedure: The polymer is cured; successive swelling allows the reagent mixture of inorganic precursor to diffuse into its pores where the inorganic network is built up.
- A “chronological two-step” procedure: A mixture of epoxy resin and a coupling agent is left to react and produce a hybrid molecule; the successive addition of the remaining reagents of the inorganic precursor mixture and the curing agent finally leads to the nanocomposite.
4. Syntheses That Progress beyond the Classical In Situ Batch Composition
- (a)
- A DOPO derivative phosphorus (P) flame-retardant, i.e., 6H-dibenz [c, e] [1,2] oxaphosphorin,6-[(1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] oct-4-yl) methoxy]-, 6-oxide (DOPO-DP) and melamine (Mel) (Figure 8):
- (b)
- A DOPO derivative phosphorus (P) flame-retardant, i.e., 3-(6-oxidodibenzo [c, e] [1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) propenamide (DOPO-DA) and melamine (Figure 9):
5. Insights into the In Situ Nanocomposite Structure and Formation through HRTEM and SAXS
- Solubility in the hydrophobic resin;
- The ability to result in the new phase through hydrolysis and, possibly, polycondensation.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Branda, F.; Grappa, R.; Costantini, A.; Luciani, G. Sol–Gel Approach for Fabricating Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers 2023, 15, 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15142987
Branda F, Grappa R, Costantini A, Luciani G. Sol–Gel Approach for Fabricating Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers. 2023; 15(14):2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15142987
Chicago/Turabian StyleBranda, Francesco, Rossella Grappa, Aniello Costantini, and Giuseppina Luciani. 2023. "Sol–Gel Approach for Fabricating Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites" Polymers 15, no. 14: 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15142987