Optimization of Compression and Flexural Properties of Masonry Veneers with Recycled PET-1
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Masonry Veneers Materials
2.2. Material Processing and Sample Preparation
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Desirability Function Analysis
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3. Results
3.1. Flexural Strength Analysis
- H0: The population means of flexural strength is statistically equal.
- H1: At least one of the means of flexural strength is statistically different.
3.2. Compression Strength Analysis
- H0: The population means of the compression strength are statistically equal
- H1: At least one of the population means of compression strength is statistically different.
3.3. Multiple Optimization
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Contribution and Applications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Dimension (mm) | Characteristic | Density (g/cm3) | City of Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aggregate 1 | 3 | Granule | 2.122 | Latacunga |
Aggregate 2 | 8 | Granule | 1.315 | Latacunga |
Aggregate 3 | 11 | Granule | 1.146 | Latacunga |
PET 1 | 6 | Crushed | 1.341 | Santo Domingo |
PET 2 | 8 | Crushed | 1.341 | Santo Domingo |
PET 3 | 14 | Crushed | 1.341 | Santo Domingo |
River sand | 3 | Granule | 2.697 | Santo Domingo |
Holcim Cement | --- | Powder | 2.986 | Ambato |
Artesil 1 (Silicone Elastomer) | --- | Liquid | 1.20 | Cuenca |
Silicone Emulsion | --- | Liquid | 1 | Cuenca |
Combination | River Sand (%) | Crushed Recycled PET | Aggregate Dimension (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Replacement (%) | Dimension (mm) | |||
1 | 80 | 20 | 6 | 3 |
2 | 85 | 15 | 8 | 3 |
3 | 75 | 25 | 8 | 3 |
4 | 80 | 20 | 14 | 3 |
5 | 85 | 15 | 6 | 8 |
6 | 75 | 25 | 6 | 8 |
7 | 80 | 20 | 8 | 8 |
8 | 80 | 20 | 8 | 8 |
9 | 80 | 20 | 8 | 8 |
10 | 85 | 15 | 14 | 8 |
11 | 75 | 25 | 14 | 8 |
12 | 80 | 20 | 6 | 11 |
13 | 85 | 15 | 8 | 11 |
14 | 75 | 25 | 8 | 11 |
15 | 80 | 20 | 14 | 11 |
Factors | PET (%) | 15 |
20 | ||
25 | ||
PET dimensions (mm) | 6 | |
8 | ||
14 | ||
Aggregates dimensions (mm) | 3 | |
8 | ||
11 | ||
Responses | Flexural tests (MPa) | |
Compression Test (MPa) |
Combination | Crushed Recycled PET | Dry Thickness (mm) (Aggregate) | Flexural Strength (Mpa) | Compression Strength (Mpa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Replacement (%) | Dimension (mm) | ||||
1 | 20 | 6 | 3 | 1.1748 | 3.9730 |
2 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 0.8592 | 3.3390 |
3 | 25 | 8 | 3 | 0.7375 | 3.1200 |
4 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 0.9167 | 2.5344 |
5 | 15 | 6 | 8 | 1.1656 | 3.9322 |
6 | 25 | 6 | 8 | 0.9770 | 3.3158 |
7 | 20 | 8 | 8 | 1.0501 | 2.9262 |
8 | 20 | 8 | 8 | 0.9310 | 4.0748 |
9 | 20 | 8 | 8 | 1.0961 | 3.0119 |
10 | 15 | 14 | 8 | 1.4881 | 4.1023 |
11 | 25 | 14 | 8 | 0.6686 | 3.8727 |
12 | 20 | 6 | 11 | 1.0727 | 3.6035 |
13 | 15 | 8 | 11 | 0.9257 | 2.5564 |
14 | 25 | 8 | 11 | 0.8261 | 2.9041 |
15 | 20 | 14 | 11 | 1.2201 | 2.5107 |
Source of Variability | D.F | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 9 | 0.6480 | 0.0720 | 20.18 | 0.000 |
% PET | 1 | 0.0134 | 0.0134 | 3.76 | 0.067 |
Dim. PET | 1 | 0.0012 | 0.0012 | 0.36 | 0.556 |
Dim. Aggregate | 1 | 0.0174 | 0.0174 | 4.88 | 0.039 |
(% PET) · (% PET) | 1 | 0.0446 | 0.0446 | 12.51 | 0.002 |
(Dim. PET) · (Dim. PET) | 1 | 0.0960 | 0.0960 | 26.94 | 0.000 |
(Dim. Agr.) · (Dim. Agr.) | 1 | 0.0283 | 0.0283 | 7.96 | 0.011 |
(% PET) · (Dim. PET) | 1 | 0.1091 | 0.1091 | 30.60 | 0.000 |
(Dim. PET) · (Dim. Aggregate) | 1 | 0.0451 | 0.0451 | 12.65 | 0.002 |
(% PET) · (Dim. PET) · (Dim. PET) | 1 | 0.0849 | 0.0849 | 23.81 | 0.000 |
Lack-of-fit | 3 | 0.0025 | 0.0008 | 0.21 | 0.887 |
Pure error | 17 | 0.0687 | 0.0040 | - | - |
TOTAL | 29 | 0.7194 | - | - | - |
Source of Variability | D.F | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 8 | 7.1873 | 0.8984 | 5.37 | 0.001 |
% PET | 1 | 0.1286 | 0.1286 | 0.77 | 0.391 |
Dim. PET | 1 | 3.2038 | 3.2038 | 19.14 | 0.000 |
Dim. Aggregate | 1 | 0.4842 | 0.4842 | 2.89 | 0.104 |
(% PET) · (% PET) | 1 | 0.1580 | 0.1580 | 0.94 | 0.342 |
(Dim. PET) · (Dim. PET) | 1 | 0.7647 | 0.7647 | 4.57 | 0.045 |
(Dim. Agr.) · (Dim. Agr.) | 1 | 1.8762 | 1.8761 | 11.21 | 0.003 |
(% PET) · (Dim. PET) | 1 | 0.0748 | 0.0748 | 0.45 | 0.511 |
(% PET) · (% PET) · (Dim. PET) | 1 | 2.6541 | 2.6541 | 15.85 | 0.001 |
Lack of fit | 4 | 0.5495 | 0.1373 | 0.79 | 0.549 |
Pure error | 17 | 2.9663 | 0.1745 | - | |
TOTAL | 29 | 10.7031 | - | - |
Variable | Value | Unit | |
---|---|---|---|
Factors | PET percentage | 15 | % |
PET dimension | 14 | mm | |
Aggregate dimension | 7.36 | mm | |
Results | Flexural Strength | 1.48 | MPa |
Compression Strength | 3.96 | MPa |
Commercial masonry veneer Density = 2.7 g/m3 (8 specimens tests) | |||
Ecological (PET) masonry veneer Density = 1.8 g/m3 (90 specimens tests) | |||
Compression test NTE INEN 1573 | Compression Strength (Shimadzu Machine Concrete 2000x) | Commercial | 2.04 MPa |
Ecological (PET) | 3.96 MPa | ||
Failure mode: Common/non-explosive. Properties: Excellent toughness. | |||
Flexural test NTE INEN 2554 | Flexural (four point) Strength (Shimadzu Machine Concrete 2000x) | Commercial | 0.70 MPa |
Ecological (PET) | 1.48 Mpa | ||
Failure mode: Mode I—Typical by flexion. Properties: High ductility/higher toughness. |
Variables | Global Optimum (GO) Table 6 | Referential Case for SEM ≈ GO Table 2—Case 10 | Referential Case for SEM ≠ GO Table 2—Case 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | PET (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 |
PET Dim. (mm) | 14 | 14 | 6 | |
Aggregate Dim. (mm) | 7.36 | 8 | 8 | |
Results | Flexural Strength (MPa) | 1.48 | 1.38 | 1.10 |
Compression Strength (MPa) | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.45 |
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Paredes, J.; Castillo, W.; Salinas, G.; Erazo, H.; Guerrero, V.H. Optimization of Compression and Flexural Properties of Masonry Veneers with Recycled PET-1. Polymers 2023, 15, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051122
Paredes J, Castillo W, Salinas G, Erazo H, Guerrero VH. Optimization of Compression and Flexural Properties of Masonry Veneers with Recycled PET-1. Polymers. 2023; 15(5):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051122
Chicago/Turabian StyleParedes, Juan, Willan Castillo, Gabriela Salinas, Henry Erazo, and Víctor H. Guerrero. 2023. "Optimization of Compression and Flexural Properties of Masonry Veneers with Recycled PET-1" Polymers 15, no. 5: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051122