Clove Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Lactoferrin/Fucoidan Complexes: Stability and Rheological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of LF–FD Complexes
2.3. Characterization of LF–FD Complexes
2.3.1. Determination of Turbidity
2.3.2. Particle Size, Polydispersity Index (PdI) and Zeta Potential
2.3.3. Analysis of LF–FD Complexes Micromorphology
2.3.4. Determination of Contact Angles
2.3.5. Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.3.6. Analysis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.4. Preparation of Pickering Emulsions
2.5. Characterization of the Pickering Emulsions
2.5.1. Type of Emulsion, Appearance, and Droplet Size
2.5.2. Visual Assessment of Morphology
2.6. The Stability of Pickering Emulsions
2.6.1. Storage Stability
2.6.2. Centrifugal Stability
2.6.3. Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) and Difference in Backscattered Light (ΔBS)
2.7. Rheological Properties of Pickering Emulsions
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the LF–FD Complexes
3.1.1. Effect of pH on LF–FD Interactions
3.1.2. Effect of pH on Particle Size
3.1.3. The Micromorphology Characters of LF–FD Complexes
3.1.4. Contact Angle Analysis of the LF–FD Complexes
3.1.5. The FTIR Spectra of the LF–FD Complexes
3.1.6. The DSC Analysis of the LF–FD Complexes
3.2. Characterization of Pickering Emulsions
3.2.1. Type of Emulsion
3.2.2. Storage Stability
3.2.3. Centrifugal Stability and Heating Stability
3.2.4. Microstructure Observation
3.2.5. TSI
3.2.6. ΔBS
3.2.7. Rheological Properties of Pickering Emulsions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Emulsion Stability Index (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 7 d | 15 d | 30 d | |
0.5%–0.3 | 68.28 ± 2.48 a | 62.92 ± 2.32 b | 60.97 ± 1.88 b | 60.97 ± 1.88 b |
0.5%–0.5 | 76.67 ± 2.18 a | 73.33 ± 1.65 b | 70.48 ± 0.82 bc | 68.10 ± 0.82 c |
0.5%–0.6 | 91.27 ± 2.76 a | 85.00 ± 1.44 a | 83.00 ± 2.47 a | 83.00 ± 2.47 a |
0.5%–0.65 | 92.03 ± 1.49 a | 91.51 ± 0.58 a | 88.53 ± 1.98 b | 88.51 ± 0.48 b |
1%–0.3 | 86.93 ± 3.61 a | 75.49 ± 1.70 b | 66.02 ± 1.49 c | 64.08 ± 2.21 c |
1%–0.5 | 88.38 ± 2.73 a | 77.68 ± 1.54 b | 75.74 ± 1.26 b | 62.16 ± 2.38 b |
1%–0.6 | 92.69 ± 2.33 a | 88.23 ± 0.35 b | 86.27 ± 1.76 b | 76.99 ± 1.60 c |
1%–0.65 | 95.51 ± 1.43 a | 89.01 ± 1.66 b | 87.51 ± 1.34 b | 87.51 ± 0.64 b |
1.5%–0.3 | 88.35 ± 2.95 a | 71.85 ± 1.51 b | 69.40 ± 2.82 b | 69.40 ± 2.82 b |
1.5%–0.5 | 97.44 ± 0.89 a | 90.26 ± 0.76 b | 88.72 ± 0.74 bc | 88.72 ± 0.74 c |
1.5%–0.6 | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 92.93 ± 1.75 b | 91.92 ± 0.87 b | 91.92 ± 0.87 b |
1.5%–0.65 | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 93.63 ± 0.85 b | 93.63 ± 0.85 b |
2%–0.3 | 99.05 ± 1.65 a | 78.63 ± 1.89 b | 77.68 ± 1.54 b | 75.73 ± 2.21 b |
2%–0.5 | 97.58 ± 4.18 a | 88.44 ± 3.79 b | 87.39 ± 3.28 b | 87.39 ± 3.28 b |
2%–0.6 | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 92.16 ± 1.70 b | 92.16 ± 1.70 b | 89.22 ± 1.70 b |
2%–0.65 | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 99.61 ± 0.68 a |
Samples | K (Pa·sn) | n | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
0.5%–0.5 | 0.535 ± 0.004 | 0.413 ± 0.003 | 0.995 |
1%–0.5 | 1.053 ± 0.013 | 0.351 ± 0.008 | 0.996 |
1.5%–0.5 | 1.778 ± 0.018 | 0.367 ± 0.004 | 0.998 |
2%–0.5 | 2.843 ± 0.040 | 0.262 ± 0.116 | 0.995 |
2%–0.3 | 0.556 ± 0.004 | 0.405 ± 0.003 | 0.999 |
2%–0.6 | 6.543 ± 0.036 | 0.167 ± 0.004 | 0.998 |
2%–0.65 | 7.340 ± 0.026 | 0.133 ± 0.003 | 0.999 |
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Xi, X.; Wei, Z.; Xu, Y.; Xue, C. Clove Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Lactoferrin/Fucoidan Complexes: Stability and Rheological Properties. Polymers 2023, 15, 1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081820
Xi X, Wei Z, Xu Y, Xue C. Clove Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Lactoferrin/Fucoidan Complexes: Stability and Rheological Properties. Polymers. 2023; 15(8):1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081820
Chicago/Turabian StyleXi, Xiaohong, Zihao Wei, Yanan Xu, and Changhu Xue. 2023. "Clove Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Lactoferrin/Fucoidan Complexes: Stability and Rheological Properties" Polymers 15, no. 8: 1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081820