Plant-Based Films for Food Packaging as a Plastic Waste Management Alternative: Potato and Cassava Starch Case
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Starch Films Formulations for Food Packaging
2.2.2. Preparation of the Edible Films
2.2.3. Water Content and Solubility Analyses
2.2.4. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
2.2.5. Water Activity (aw)
2.2.6. Mechanical Properties
2.2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Results of Physicochemical Characterization
3.2. Mechanical Properties’ Results
3.3. SEM, XRD and DSC Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Run | Encoded Starch Concentration (x) | Encoded Plasticizer Percentage (y) | Real x (g·100 mL−1 of Water) | Real y (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −1.00 | −1.00 | 2.00 | 15.0 |
2 | −1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 20.0 |
3 | 1.00 | −1.00 | 4.00 | 15.0 |
4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 20.0 |
5 | −1.41 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 17.5 |
6 | 1.41 | 0.00 | 4.41 | 17.5 |
7 | 0.00 | −1.41 | 3.00 | 14.0 |
8 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 3.00 | 21.0 |
9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 17.5 |
10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 17.5 |
11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 17.5 |
PoS | |||||
Experimental Run | Water Content (g·100 g−1) | Solubility (g·100 g−1) | aw (Decimal) | WVP (g·mm/m2 day·kPa) | Thickness (mm) |
1 | 20.36 ± 7.75 | 17.74 ± 3.67 | 0.539 ± 0.013 | 4.39 ± 0.07 | 0.033 ± 0.004 |
2 | 27.06 ± 1.51 | 20.17 ± 1.77 | 0.493 ± 0.008 | 3.12 ± 0.17 | 0.032 ± 0.006 |
3 | 15.95 ± 0.92 | 11.48 ± 3.66 | 0.436 ± 0.012 | 4.86 ± 0.08 | 0.068 ± 0.017 |
4 | 10.32 ± 3.87 | 5.29 ± 1.06 | 0.429 ± 0.008 | 5.82 ± 0.53 | 0.049 ± 0.003 |
5 | 29.94 ± 3.09 | 16.90 ± 0.91 | 0.538 ± 0.006 | 4.33 ± 0.47 | 0.024 ± 0.004 |
6 | 12.11 ± 1.46 | 3.13 ± 0.44 | 0.416 ± 0.005 | 2.64 ± 0.26 | 0.057 ± 0.004 |
7 | 23.35 ± 1.38 | 11.90 ± 0.23 | 0.517 ± 0.005 | 6.80 ± 0.22 | 0.042 ± 0.002 |
8 | 19.63 ± 0.75 | 12.33 ± 0.16 | 0.518 ± 0.005 | 4.70 ± 0.15 | 0.042 ± 0.002 |
9 | 18.26 ± 3.74 | 15.76 ± 0.58 | 0.517 ± 0.007 | 5.78 ± 0.03 | 0.045 ± 0.004 |
10 | 21.62 ± 4.63 | 16.27 ± 2.19 | 0.497 ± 0.002 | 5.68 ± 0.56 | 0.045 ± 0.004 |
11 | 20.33 ± 2.15 | 24.04 ± 0.31 | 0.516 ± 0.009 | 6.31 ± 0.19 | 0.042 ± 0.002 |
CaS | |||||
Experimental Run | Water Content (g·100 g−1) | Solubility (g·100 g−1) | aw (Decimal) | WVP (g·mm/m2 day·kPa) | Thickness (mm) |
1 | 13.65 ± 1.44 | 9.96 ± 1.57 | 0.440 ± 0.006 | 8.02 ± 0.89 | 0.034 ± 0.005 |
2 | 13.26 ± 3.27 | 16.53 ± 1.84 | 0.441 ± 0.007 | 2.95 ± 0.27 | 0.030 ± 0.002 |
3 | 12.38 ± 2.11 | 5.41 ± 0.70 | 0.533 ± 0.004 | 3.26 ± 0.52 | 0.030 ± 0.005 |
4 | 15.47 ± 1.13 | 11.35 ± 1.64 | 0.529 ± 0.011 | 2.27 ± 0.06 | 0.032 ± 0.003 |
5 | 7.95 ± 1.78 | 10.50 ± 0.46 | 0.489 ± 0.011 | 4.42 ± 0.15 | 0.023 ± 0.002 |
6 | 15.03 ± 0.95 | 11.04 ± 0.29 | 0.436 ± 0.004 | 3.33 ± 0.66 | 0.057 ± 0.006 |
7 | 4.10 ± 0.73 | 15.73 ± 0.96 | 0.471 ± 0.004 | 3.80 ± 0.31 | 0.036 ± 0.008 |
8 | 6.19 ± 0.22 | 18.39 ± 1.77 | 0.464 ± 0.022 | 3.24 ± 0.18 | 0.032 ± 0.004 |
9 | 10.21 ± 1.52 | 5.44 ± 2.77 | 0.457 ± 0.011 | 2.42 ± 0.18 | 0.024 ± 0.000 |
10 | 11.45 ± 0.61 | 3.39 ± 0.25 | 0.429 ± 0.008 | 2.42 ± 0.19 | 0.032 ± 0.002 |
11 | 11.40 ± 0.72 | 3.06 ± 0.46 | 0.447 ± 0.005 | 2.40 ± 0.59 | 0.034 ± 0.003 |
SS | df | MS | Fcalc | Ftab (10%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WVP | |||||
Regression | 11.58 | 3 | 3.86 | 5.27 | 3.07 |
Residue | 5.13 | 7 | 0.73 | ||
Lack of Fit | 4.89 | 5 | 0.98 | 8.52 | 9.29 |
Pure error | 0.23 | 2 | 0.12 | ||
Total | 16.71 | 10 | |||
Thickness | |||||
Regression | 0.0013 | 3 | 0.00045 | 33.37 | 3.07 |
Residue | 9.39 × 10−5 | 7 | 1.34 × 10−5 | ||
Lack of Fit | 0.00009 | 5 | 1.75 × 10−5 | 5.41 | 9.29 |
Pure error | 0.00001 | 2 | 3.23 × 10−6 | ||
Total | 0.00144 | 10 | |||
Water content | |||||
Regression | 306.58 | 2 | 153.29 | 39.03 | 3.11 |
Residue | 31.42 | 8 | 3.93 | ||
Lack of Fit | 25.67 | 6 | 4.23 | 1.49 | 9.33 |
Pure error | 5.74 | 2 | 2.87 | ||
Total | 337.995 | 10 | |||
aw | |||||
Regression | 0.0173 | 2 | 0.0086564 | 28.14 | 3.11 |
Residue | 0.0025 | 8 | 0.0003076 | ||
Lack of Fit | 0.0022 | 6 | 0.000367 | 2.84 | 9.33 |
Pure error | 0.0003 | 2 | 0.000129 | ||
Total | 0.0198 | 10 |
SS | df | MS | Fcalc | Ftab (10%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WVP | |||||
Regression | 21.15 | 5 | 4.23 | 3.69 | 3.45 |
Residue | 5.74 | 5 | 1.15 | ||
Lack of Fit | 5.74 | 3 | 1.91 | 9180.07 | 9.16 |
Pure error | 0.00042 | 2 | 0.00021 | ||
Total | 26.89 | 10 | |||
Solubility | |||||
Regression | 226.55 | 3 | 75.52 | 9.44 | 3.07 |
Residue | 56.01 | 7 | 8.002 | ||
Lack of Fit | 52.69 | 5 | 10.54 | 6.34 | 9.29 |
Pure error | 3.33 | 2 | 1.66 | ||
Total | 282.56 | 10 |
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Arias, L.V.A.; Silva, V.d.S.; Vieira, J.M.M.; Fakhouri, F.M.; de Oliveira, R.A. Plant-Based Films for Food Packaging as a Plastic Waste Management Alternative: Potato and Cassava Starch Case. Polymers 2024, 16, 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172390
Arias LVA, Silva VdS, Vieira JMM, Fakhouri FM, de Oliveira RA. Plant-Based Films for Food Packaging as a Plastic Waste Management Alternative: Potato and Cassava Starch Case. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172390
Chicago/Turabian StyleArias, Luna Valentina Angulo, Viviane de Souza Silva, Jorge Miguel Magalhães Vieira, Farayde Matta Fakhouri, and Rafael Augustus de Oliveira. 2024. "Plant-Based Films for Food Packaging as a Plastic Waste Management Alternative: Potato and Cassava Starch Case" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172390