Enhancing High-Temperature Performance of Flexible Pavement with Plastic-Modified Asphalt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Plastic-Modified Bitumen
1.2. Plastic-Modified Asphalt Mixture
1.3. Wheel Tracker
1.4. Research Gap
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Aggregate Properties
2.3. Experimental Program
2.4. Sample Preparation
2.5. Marshall Mix Design
2.6. Wheel Tracking
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Penetration Test
3.2. Softening Point
3.3. Ductility
3.4. Viscosity Test
3.5. Types of Modifiers
3.5.1. Polypropylene (PP)
3.5.2. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Sr. No | % Polymer | OBC (%) | Stability (kg) | Unit Weight (kg/m3) | Flow (0.25 mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Neat | 4.33 ± 0.067 | 1030 | 2342 | 8 |
1 | 3% LDPE | 4.27 ± 0.13 | 2125 | 2200 | 7 |
2 | 5% LDPE | 4.13 ± 0.06 | 2126 | 2126 | 6.9 |
3 | 7% LDPE | 3.93 ± 0.087 | 2130 | 2130 | 6.5 |
3.5.3. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Sr. No | Description | OBC (%) | Stability (kg) | Unit Weight (kg) | Flow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Neat | 4.33 ± 0.067 | 1030 | 2342 | 8 |
1 | 3% ABS | 4.3 ± 0.03 | 2100 | 2102 | 7.2 |
2 | 5% ABS | 4.27 ± 0.033 | 2113 | 2113 | 7.4 |
3 | 7% ABS | 4.23 ± 0.088 | 2120 | 2219 | 7.6 |
3.6. Wheel Tracker
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Utilizing ABS, PP, and LDPE as bitumen modifiers enhances its rheological properties, as shown by reduced ductility and penetration levels, and a higher softening point. The results suggest that higher polymer concentrations make bitumen harder and stiffer;
- All three polymers show a consistent trend of decreasing penetration values, with LDPE consistently having the lowest penetration value among the three modifiers;
- The ductility test shows a significant drop in ductility for the polymer-modified binders compared to neat bitumen. Adding polymers makes the bitumen harder and stiffer, reducing its ductility. PP had the highest level of ductility among the polymers tested.
- As the percentage of plastic polymer increases, the optimal binder content for the asphalt mixtures decreases, while the level of stability almost doubles for all types of the plastic-modified asphalt samples;
- In comparison to PP-modified asphalt, LDPE demonstrates a lower optimum binder content (OBC). ABS-modified asphalt exhibits an even lower OBC;
- Overall, PP and LDPE perform better than ABS-modified asphalt in terms of OBC. A decrease in OBC is a positive outcome, as it reduces the overall cost of pavement construction and leads to more sustainable pavement solutions.
- 1.
- Adding polymers to the asphalt mixture improves its rutting resistance, with higher percentages of plastic polymer providing better results compared to neat asphalt after 10,000 wheel passes;
- 2.
- Modifying asphalt with a 3% polymer content shows that LDPE-modified asphalt has the highest level of rutting resistance, outperforming that of unmodified asphalt, as well as PP and ABS-modified asphalt;
- 3.
- At a 7% polymer content level, the findings highlight significant improvements in rut resistance: ABS reduces rutting by 23%, PP by 30%, and LDPE by 33% compared to unmodified asphalt mixtures.
6. Recommendations
- Perform wheel-tracking tests, increasing the number of wheel passes to assess durability;
- Enhance bitumen by raising the polymer content, incorporating a combination of all three types of plastic to optimize the overall blend;
- Examine the behavior of these modified asphalt mixtures under various stress conditions to evaluate their performance improvements.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sieve Size | Specification | Selected Gradation | |
---|---|---|---|
(mm) | NHA Class-B (%) | Percentage Passing (%) | Percentage Retained (%) |
19 | 100 | 100 | 0.00 |
12.5 | 75–90 | 82.5 | 17.5 |
9.5 | 60–80 | 70 | 12.5 |
4.75 | 40–60 | 50 | 20 |
2.38 | 20–40 | 30 | 20 |
1.18 | 5–15 | 10 | 20 |
0.075 | 3–8 | 5 | 5 |
Pan | ---- | ---- | 5 |
Sr. No. | Test Description | Test Specification | Result | Standard Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Los Angeles Abrasion Value | AASHTO T96 and ASTM C131 [57,58] | 21.46% | <30% |
2 | Water absorption | ASTM C128 [59] | 0.367% | <0.6% |
3 | Specific gravity | ASTM C127 [60] | 2.44 | 2.4–3.0 |
4 | Impact value test | ASTM D5874 [61] | 13.80% | <15% |
5 | Elongation index | ASTM D4791 [62] | 7.20% | Max 20% |
6 | Flakiness index | ASTM D479 [62] | 5.82% | Max 20% |
Polymer Added in Bitumen by Weight (%) | Penetration (0.1 mm) at 25 °C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP | ABS | LDPE | ||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
Neat | 67 | |||||
3 | 59 | ±1.851 | 60 | ±0.946 | 58 | ±1.45 |
5 | 46 | ±1.827 | 53 | ±1.154 | 45 | ±0.882 |
7 | 40 | ±1.816 | 48 | ±1.816 | 38 | ±0.577 |
Polymer Added in Bitumen (%) | Softening Point (°C) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP | ABS | LDPE | ||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
Neat | 46 | |||||
3 | 48 | ±1.00 | 56 | ±0.55 | 59 | ±0.42 |
5 | 49 | ±1.18 | 57 | ±0.34 | 62 | ±1.7 |
7 | 54 | ±0.57 | 61 | ±0.75 | 66 | ±0.39 |
Polymer Added in Bitumen (%) | Ductility (cm) at 25 °C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP | ABS | LDPE | ||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
Neat | 100 | |||||
3 | 52 | ±2.39 | 33 | ±0.88 | 39 | ±0.33 |
5 | 39 | ±2.33 | 28 | ±0.65 | 31 | ±0.63 |
7 | 25 | ±0.72 | 19 | ±0.55 | 22 | ±0.89 |
Polymer Added in Bitumen (%) | Viscosity at 135 °C (Pa·s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP | ABS | LDPE | ||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
Neat | 0.62 ± 0.11 | |||||
3 | 1.17 | ±0.13 | 1.14 | ±0.08 | 1.34 | ±0.1 |
5 | 1.70 | ±0.09 | 1.34 | ±0.06 | 1.99 | ±0.1 |
7 | 2.51 | ±0.07 | 1.65 | ±0.10 | 2.26 | ±0.12 |
Sr. No | Description | OBC (%) | Stability (kg) | Unit weight (kg/m3) | Flow (0.25 mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Neat | 4.33 ± 0.067 | 1030 | 2342 | 8 |
1 | 3% PP | 4.17 ± 0.1 | 2110 | 2290 | 7.1 |
2 | 5% PP | 4.03 ± 0.09 | 2125 | 2195 | 7.08 |
3 | 7% PP | 3.92 ± 0.06 | 2158 | 2170 | 7.1 |
Description | Rut Depth at 10,000 Passes | Percentage Improved (w.r.t. Neat Asphalt) | |
---|---|---|---|
Polymer Used | Percentage Added | ||
Neat | 0 | 4.37 mm | |
PP | 3 | 3.86 mm | 12 |
PP | 5 | 3.41 mm | 22 |
PP | 7 | 3.07 mm | 30 |
ABS | 3 | 4.01 mm | 8 |
ABS | 5 | 3.68 mm | 16 |
ABS | 7 | 3.37 mm | 23 |
LDPE | 3 | 3.79 mm | 13 |
LDPE | 5 | 3.30 mm | 24 |
LDPE | 7 | 2.91 mm | 33 |
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Ullah, S.; Qabur, A.; Ullah, A.; Aati, K.; Abdelgiom, M.A. Enhancing High-Temperature Performance of Flexible Pavement with Plastic-Modified Asphalt. Polymers 2024, 16, 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172399
Ullah S, Qabur A, Ullah A, Aati K, Abdelgiom MA. Enhancing High-Temperature Performance of Flexible Pavement with Plastic-Modified Asphalt. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172399
Chicago/Turabian StyleUllah, Salamat, Ali Qabur, Ansar Ullah, Khaled Aati, and Mahmoud Abdelrahim Abdelgiom. 2024. "Enhancing High-Temperature Performance of Flexible Pavement with Plastic-Modified Asphalt" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172399