Application Progress of Multi-Functional Polymer Composite Nanofibers Based on Electrospinning: A Brief Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerous Applications of Polymer Composite Nanofibers and Their Thin Membranes
2.1. Sound-Absorbing Materials
2.2. Biomedical Materials
2.2.1. Implantable Materials for Tissue Engineering
2.2.2. Drug Delivery System
2.2.3. Wound Dressings and Other Anti-Bacterial Materials
2.2.4. Health Materials
2.3. Wearable Sensing Devices and Energy-Harvesting Devices
2.3.1. Wearable Sensing Devices
2.3.2. Energy Harvester
2.4. Adsorbent Materials
2.5. Electromagnetic Shielding Materials
2.6. Reinforcement Materials
3. Discussion and Outlook
- (1)
- n terms of the product cost of PU-based nanofibers, although PU belongs to a cheaper category compared to other polymer materials, its preparation process is still relatively expensive because it requires the use of a large amount of organic solvents, e.g., DMAc and DMF, which are usually not cheap. Moreover, due to the relatively low production efficiency of electrospinning compared to other preparation processes, the equipment occupation time and energy consumption are usually costly. All of these factors contribute to the relatively high price of PU-based nanofibers compared to other polymer products. Therefore, further development of electrospinning technology is still needed, such as upgrading needleless and multi-needle electrospinning technology and multi-material co-spinning.
- (2)
- The typically large amount of usually corrosive and toxic organic solvents for the electrospinning polymer solutions are prone to environmental pollution. Therefore, much more effort should also be made to develop environmentally friendly solvents, such as water-soluble solvents and recyclable solvents. The combination of the electrospinning method and other related technologies will also be one of the strategies for achieving significant breakthroughs in preparation efficiency. Moreover, water-soluble polymers and eco-friendly melt electrospinning are also excellent choices. According to statistics, the total amount of PU waste accounts for about 30% of the total volume of all waste plastics, which has caused serious environmental problems. Fortunately, most PU materials have both hydrolytic and biodegradable abilities, mainly due to their unique chemical structure. Among them, polyester-type PU has better biodegradability than polyether-type PU. Intentionally selecting the chemical structure can significantly increase PU’s hydrolysis rate. Of course, both hydrolysis and biodegradation require huge storage spaces and take a long time. Therefore, how to further improve the hydrolysis and biodegradation ability of PU remains an important research direction.
- (3)
- The morphology and structure of electrospun nanofibers will still be a focus of attention in terms of product regulation. For example, the crimped morphology and fine structures, such as core–shell and hollow structures of nanofibers, have a significant impact on the performance and function of their membranes. Multi-material co-spinning provides large space for the fine design of multi-layer structures and regulation of multi-phase structures, making it an important research and development direction worthy of attention.
- (4)
- The mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers and their thin membranes still have some obvious shortcomings. Therefore, how to improve the mechanical properties of single nanofibers by improving their continuity, orientation, crystallinity, etc., and how to increase the interaction force between single fibers to improve the mechanical properties of fiber membranes will still be a focus of research and development. The anti-bacterial, hydrophobic, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties of electrospun nanofibers are the basis of their functional performance, and further improvement and more precise regulation are definitely needed. Among them, the dispersion problem of inorganic, metal, and organic nanofillers in the polymer nanofiber matrix is still one of the technical difficulties and needs to be better solved.
- (5)
- Concerning the disadvantages of PU, such as easy aging (susceptible to UV radiation, oxygen, temperature changes, and other factors) and low mechanical strength and modulus, not only physical treatment but also chemical modification is needed to improve its comprehensive properties. The combination with nanotechnology, e.g., adding nano-size fillers, is one of the most feasible strategies to overcome the disadvantages of PU as the matrix of nanofiber composites.
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In response to noise pollution, especially low-frequency noises below 500 Hz and intermediate-frequency noises of 500–2500 Hz, nanofiber membranes have excellent sound absorption ability due to their involvement in both porous and resonant mechanisms. Combining nanofiber membranes with traditional microfibers can solve the problem of poor sound absorption performance in the low frequency range, achieving the best comprehensive sound absorption effect. Moreover, the addition of nanofiber membranes will barely increase the materials’ thickness and weight.
- (2)
- The application of electrospun nanofibers in the biomedical field mainly includes implantable materials (such as scaffolds) in tissue engineering, controlled drug release, wound dressings, and health materials. The anisotropic structure of both bone tissue and blood vessels can be achieved by utilizing the highly oriented properties of electrospun nanofibers. The polymer nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have more advantages than other nanoparticles when used in targeted drug delivery systems. The bioactive wound dressing prepared by the electrospinning nanofiber membrane has good anti-bacterial properties and can help with wound healing. The electrospinning nanofibers combined with functional materials such as tourmaline can also be used for health materials such as negative ions. For the biomedical applications of electrospun nanofiber membranes, such as wound dressings, traditional materials such as gauze and nonwoven fabrics are used as benchmarks. Although the preparation efficiency of electrospun nanofiber membranes is lower and the price per unit volume and weight is higher, they have some special properties that other materials do not have, so they still have their application market. Of course, combining electrospun nanofiber membranes with traditional materials may achieve synergistic effects in terms of functionality and economy.
- (3)
- In terms of wearable sensing devices, the conductive electrospun nanofibers using nanocomposite technology are suitable for the key components of flexible electronic devices due to their excellent comprehensive performance and can be used to detect the health status of the body and the movement status of different human parts. In terms of energy-harvesting devices, electrospun nanofibers can be used to prepare nanogenerators based on electrostatic induction and contact electrification mechanisms, providing electricity for wearable devices.
- (4)
- In terms of the adsorbent materials, the treatment of oil pollution caused by offshore oil exploration and transportation accidents requires cost-effective oil adsorbents, such as magnetic electrospun composite nanofiber membranes.
- (5)
- In terms of electromagnetic shielding materials, reducing electromagnetic radiation pollution requires the development of high-performance electromagnetic shielding materials, such as conductive polymer composites, which replace traditional metal materials due to their numerous advantages. The conductive electrospun composite nanofiber membrane is one of the outstanding types.
- (6)
- In terms of the reinforcing materials, the high modulus, strength, and ultra-high specific surface area of electrospun polymer nanofibers make them suitable as nanofillers for polymer composites. Their high specific surface area is especially conducive to the impregnation of fillers by the matrix, thus forming a good interface with tight contact and strong bonding. The biggest difference between this review and other reviews related to electrospinning is the emphasis on the combination of composite material technology and electrospinning technology. The introduction of nanofillers can not only improve the mechanical strength of electrospun nanofibers but also endow the material with more functions. This is undoubtedly extremely important for its practical application.
- (7)
- There is still a significant gap in the preparation efficiency, production scale, and product price of electrospun nanofibers compared to the microfibers prepared by traditional methods. Therefore, much more effort in material synthesis, structure design, technique improvement, and so on is still needed for the wider applications of such novel materials.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
1D | one-dimensional |
3D | three-dimensional |
AC | alternating current |
CNT | carbon nanotube |
DC | direct current |
DMAc | N,N-dimethylacetamide |
DMF | dimethylformamide |
GO | graphene oxide |
MOF | metal–organic framework |
MWCNT | multi-wall carbon nanotube |
MXene | two-dimensional transition metal carbon nitrides |
PA | polyamide |
PAN | polyacrylonitrile |
PCL | polycaprolactone |
PDA | polydopamine |
PDLA | poly(D-lactic acid) |
PDMS | polydimethyl siloxane |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
PEO | polyethylene oxide |
PFDT | 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecanethiol |
PET | polyethylene terephthalate |
PK | polyketone |
PLA | polylactic acid |
PLLA | poly(L-lactic acid) |
PMMA | polymethyl methacrylate |
PP | polypropylene |
PS | polystyrene |
PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
PU | polyurethane |
PUA | polyurethane acrylate |
PVA | polyvinyl alcohol |
PVAc | polyvinyl acetate |
PVB | polyvinyl butyral |
PVDF | polyvinylidene fluoride |
PZT | lead zirconate titanate |
SEM | scanning electron microscope |
TENG | triboelectric nanogenerator |
TM | tourmaline |
TN | tourmaline nanoparticles |
TPU | thermoplastic polyurethane |
UV | ultraviolet |
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Sequence Number | Materials | Designed Structures | Key Properties | Potential Applications | Reference Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PS nanofiber, wool substrate | Self-crimped micro-nanofiber | Improved flexibility, elasticity, and spatial scalability | Water conduction, heat preservation, and functional carrier | [7] |
2 | PU nanofiber, PET nonwoven | Nanofiber web-reinforced nonwoven and sandwich | High noise reduction coefficient | Sound absorption | [13] |
3 | PVB nanofiber, PET fiber, TPU film | Bi-layer or three-layer laminate | High sound absorption rate | Sound absorption | [16] |
4 | PAN nanofiber, PVAc nanofiber, PP nonwoven | Core-shell or hollow nanofibrous membrane | Improved acoustic performance | Sound absorption | [17] |
5 | PCL nanofiber | Tube with outer and inner cell layers | Good elasticity, burst resistance, and suture retention | Bionic small-diameter vascular vessel | [23] |
6 | TPU nanofiber | Nanofiber grafted by PEG and anchored by silver nanoparticles | Good anti-bacterial stability, low toxicity, and excellent hemocompatibility | Anti-bacterial use | [31] |
7 | PU nanofiber | Nanofiber added with TN | Improved mechanical strength, high superhydrophilicity, and high bactericidal effect | Superhydrophilic and anti-bacterial use | [34] |
8 | PU nanofiber | Nanofiber added with tourmaline and GO nanoparticles | Enhanced mechanical properties and negative ions release | Negative ions textiles and wearable energy therapy | [36] |
9 | TPU nanofiber | Nanofiber decorated with CNT and modified with PDMS | High stretchability and superhydrophobicity | Superhydrophobic strain sensor | [40] |
10 | TPU nanofiber | Nanofiber added with CNT | High sensitivity | Smart sports bandage | [42] |
11 | TPU nanofiber | Nanofiber added with GO | High anti-fouling, dye removal, and anti-bacterial properties | Adsorption of organic dyes | [48] |
12 | PK nanofiber, PUA film | Sandwich | UV curability, high transparency, and high flexibility | Coating for metals and optoelectronic devices | [53] |
13 | PA 6 nanofiber, PUA film | Bilayer | UV curability and high transparency | Protective coating | [54] |
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Ma, S.; Li, A.; Pan, L. Application Progress of Multi-Functional Polymer Composite Nanofibers Based on Electrospinning: A Brief Review. Polymers 2024, 16, 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172459
Ma S, Li A, Pan L. Application Progress of Multi-Functional Polymer Composite Nanofibers Based on Electrospinning: A Brief Review. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172459
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Shuai, An Li, and Ligang Pan. 2024. "Application Progress of Multi-Functional Polymer Composite Nanofibers Based on Electrospinning: A Brief Review" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172459