Eco-Friendly Design of Chitosan-Based Films with Biodegradable Properties as an Alternative to Low-Density Polyethylene Packaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Film-Forming Solution (FFS)
2.4. Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
2.5. Color of Film
2.6. Microstructure of Film
2.7. Film Thickness
2.8. Mechanical Properties
2.9. Swelling
2.10. Water Solubility
2.11. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.12. Biodegradability Test
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Film Production: Optimization of CS, GEL, and GLY Content
3.2. Chemical Composition of the Films
3.3. Analysis of Film Color
3.4. Morphology and Microstructure of Designed Chitosan-Based OPT-F Film
3.5. Mechanical Properties
3.6. Swelling
3.7. Water Solubility (WS)
3.8. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.9. Biodegradability Test of Designed OPT-F
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Film-Forming Components | Application | Control Film | Principal Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan–gelatin–thymol–deep eutectic solvent | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | The solvent improved the barrier properties of the resulting films, as well as their mechanical and bioactive properties. | [15] |
Chitosan–gelatin–green tea carbon dots | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | Quantum dots presented good compatibility with the polymer matrix, resulting in homogeneous films with bioactive properties. However, the quantum dot concentration affects the elongation percentage. | [16] |
Chitosan–gelatin-eugenol and/or oregano essential oil | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | The addition of essential oils confers antimicrobial properties on S. aureus and E. coli. No mechanical properties were analyzed. | [17] |
Chitosan–gelatin–citric acid–red cabbage pigment–enterocin | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | A smart active compound with antioxidant properties, pH responsiveness, and bacterial inhibition was obtained. | [18] |
Chitosan–gelatin–glycerol films | Chitosan–gelatin film | Mixing chitosan and gelatin at a 1:1 ratio resulted in materials with better mechanical and barrier properties. | [19] | |
Chitosan–gelatin–Ferulago angulate essential oil | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | Essential oil confers antimicrobial properties and improves water vapor permeability. However, the tensile strength decreases when essential oil is incorporated into the polymer matrix. | [20] |
Chitosan–gelatin–grape seed extract and/or jabuticaba peel | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | Grape seed and jabuticaba peel extracts improved the antioxidant properties of the films; however, the mechanical properties were not characterized. | [21] |
Chitosan–gelatin–apple peel nanoparticles | Food packaging | Chitosan–gelatin film | Apple peel nanoparticles improve the antioxidant and physical properties of the film. However, its barrier properties decrease. | [22] |
Response | Predicted Value | Experimental Value | Absolute Residual Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Thickness (mm) | 0.043 ± 0.003 | 0.046 ± 0.003 | 6.98 |
Tensile strength (mPa) | 13.00 ± 1.15 | 11.48 ± 1.42 | 11.73 |
Elongation at break (%) | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 18.75 |
Sample | Color Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | a | b | ΔE | WI | |
OPT-F | 95.68 ± 0.28 a | −0.21 ± 0.21 a | 1.63 ± 0.31 a | 3.65 ± 1.05 a | 95.37 ± 0.37 b |
LDPE | 91.01 ± 0.47 b | −0.17 ± 0.27 a | −1.61 ± 0.22 b | 5.20 ± 0.47 b | 90.85 ± 0.44 a |
Sample | Swelling (%) | Water Solubility (%) |
---|---|---|
OPT-F | 75.95 ± 5.03 b | 24.34 ± 2.47 b |
LDPE | 2.68 ± 1.31 a | 1.8 ± 0.7 a |
Sample | Initial Weight (mg) | Final Weight (mg) | Weight Loss (%) |
---|---|---|---|
OPT-F | 11.3 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 0.6 | 7.1 |
LDPE | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 0 |
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Fiallos-Núñez, J.; Cardero, Y.; Cabrera-Barjas, G.; García-Herrera, C.M.; Inostroza, M.; Estevez, M.; España-Sánchez, B.L.; Valenzuela, L.M. Eco-Friendly Design of Chitosan-Based Films with Biodegradable Properties as an Alternative to Low-Density Polyethylene Packaging. Polymers 2024, 16, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172471
Fiallos-Núñez J, Cardero Y, Cabrera-Barjas G, García-Herrera CM, Inostroza M, Estevez M, España-Sánchez BL, Valenzuela LM. Eco-Friendly Design of Chitosan-Based Films with Biodegradable Properties as an Alternative to Low-Density Polyethylene Packaging. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172471
Chicago/Turabian StyleFiallos-Núñez, Johanna, Yaniel Cardero, Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas, Claudio M. García-Herrera, Matías Inostroza, Miriam Estevez, Beatriz Liliana España-Sánchez, and Loreto M. Valenzuela. 2024. "Eco-Friendly Design of Chitosan-Based Films with Biodegradable Properties as an Alternative to Low-Density Polyethylene Packaging" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172471