Mechanical Properties and Crystallinity of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites by Surface Modification of Nanofibrillated Cellulose
Abstract
:1. Introduction Mechanical Properties
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Dissolution and Modification of NFC
2.3. Preparation of PLA/NFC Composite Films
2.4. Characterization
2.4.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) Analysis
2.4.2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis
2.4.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.4.4. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) Analysis
2.4.5. Thermal Gravimetry-Infrared Spectrum Analysis (TG-IR)
2.4.6. Rheological Performance Test
2.4.7. Mechanics Performance Testing
2.4.8. Moisture Permeability Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Physicochemical Properties of Modified Cellulose
3.1.1. SEM Analysis
3.1.2. FTIR Analysis
3.1.3. XPS Analysis
3.1.4. XRD Analysis of Modified Cellulose
3.1.5. TGA and DTG Analysis
3.2. Characterization of Composites
3.2.1. Morphological Characteristics Analysis
3.2.2. XRD Analysis of Composites
3.2.3. Crystallinity and Melt Behavior Analysis
3.2.4. Rheological Properties Analysis
3.2.5. TGA-FTIR Analysis
3.2.6. Mechanical Properties Analysis
3.2.7. Moisture Permeability Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Tg (°C) | Tcc (°C) | Tm1 (°C) | Tm2 (°C) | ΔHcc (J/g) | ΔHm (J/g) | Χc (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 wt% | 54.3 | 108 | 157.2 | 164.5 | 24.573 | 32.691 | 8.67 |
1 wt% | 55.3 | 96.4 | - | 163 | 6.1645 | 33.977 | 30.01 |
3 wt% | 55.2 | 94.6 | - | 163.2 | 5.7836 | 34.749 | 31.90 |
5 wt% | 54.3 | 97 | - | 163.3 | 5.9094 | 34.697 | 32.37 |
10 wt% | 55.3 | 98.2 | - | 163.3 | 4.6607 | 33.768 | 34.55 |
15 wt% | 54.7 | 99.1 | - | 163.5 | 6.9554 | 28.841 | 27.51 |
Samples | TG | ||
---|---|---|---|
T0 (°C) | Tmax (°C) | Residual Rate (%) | |
0 wt% | 345.2 | 373.4 | 0.2 |
1 wt% | 331.3 | 370.6 | 0.43 |
3 wt% | 313.0 | 361.4 | 0.55 |
5 wt% | 309.1 | 355.7 | 0.82 |
10 wt% | 309.1 | 350.0 | 0.96 |
15 wt% | 360.6 | 354.4 | 1.82 |
standard deviation values | 19.62 | 8.55 | 0.52 |
Samples | Stress (MPa) | Strain (%) |
---|---|---|
0 wt% | 14.72 | 10.32 |
1 wt% | 22.35 | 19.39 |
3 wt% | 27.08 | 17.95 |
5 wt% | 29.26 | 18.67 |
10 wt% | 26.30 | 15.71 |
15 wt% | - | - |
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Chu, H.; Chen, Z.; Chen, Y.; Wei, D.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, H. Mechanical Properties and Crystallinity of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites by Surface Modification of Nanofibrillated Cellulose. Polymers 2024, 16, 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172474
Chu H, Chen Z, Chen Y, Wei D, Liu Y, Zhao H. Mechanical Properties and Crystallinity of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites by Surface Modification of Nanofibrillated Cellulose. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172474
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Hongzhe, Zeyan Chen, Yongli Chen, Deling Wei, Yang Liu, and Hui Zhao. 2024. "Mechanical Properties and Crystallinity of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites by Surface Modification of Nanofibrillated Cellulose" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172474