Piezoelectric Properties of As-Spun Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (PVDF/MWCNT/ZnO) Nanofibrous Films
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Electrospinning
2.2. Spinning Liquids
2.3. Sensor Assembly
2.4. Characterization and Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphological Analysis
3.2. Crystal Structure
3.3. Piezoelectricity
4. Conclusions
- Morphologically, binary additives make nanofibers bigger. A moderate amount of binary additives may produce aligned and homogeneous nanofibers through the electrospinning process. The MWCNT content results in many nanopores left on a nanofiber’s surface after a slow volatilization of solvent. The ZnO content leads to agglomeration owing to the high surface activity of ZnO nanoparticles.
- Crystallographically, binary additives enhance crystallinity, but they slightly change the β-phase PVDF content. Naturally, the formation of β-phase PVDF crystals is dependent on the effect of stretch-enhanced polarization from the electrospinning process. Moderate amounts of MWCNTs and ZnO nanoparticles are conducive to obtain high crystallinity and high β-phase content.
- Piezoelectrically, binary additives promote the output voltage and piezoelectric voltage coefficient, since MWCNTs may construct a conductive network in the PVDF matrix and ZnO nanoparticles themselves are a piezoelectric material.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spinning Liquid | Solvent | Solute in Solvent (by Mass) | Additives in Solvent (by Mass) |
---|---|---|---|
PC–0 | Acetone–DMF (40:60 vol %) | 10% PVDF | None |
PC–0.05 | 0.05% MWCNTs | ||
PC–0.1 | 0.1% MWCNTs | ||
PC–0.2 | 0.2% MWCNTs | ||
PCZ–1 | 0.1% MWCNTs and 1.0% ZnO | ||
PCZ–1.5 | 0.1% MWCNTs and 1.5% ZnO | ||
PCZ–2 | 0.1% MWCNTs and 2.0% ZnO |
Film | B-Phase Content (%) | Crystallinity (%) |
---|---|---|
PC–0 | 76.6 | 42.7 |
PC–0.05 | 67.3 | 55.5 |
PC–0.1 | 77.4 | 70.4 |
PC–0.2 | 69.7 | 51.4 |
PCZ–1 | 73.8 | 67.5 |
PCZ–1.5 | 79.0 | 87.9 |
PCZ–2 | 77.1 | 67.0 |
Solution | Additives | Fabrication | B-Phase Content | Crystallinity | Output Power | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 wt % PVDF | 5 wt % MWCNTs | Electrospinning | 68.4% | 38.1% | 81.8 nW for charging a capacitor | [16] |
22 wt % PVDF | 5 wt % ZnO | Electrospinning | / | / | 10 μW/cm2 under impact loads of 5 N at 0.4 Hz | [40] |
1.35 g PVDF in 10 mL of solvent | 0.75 wt % ZnO-decorated SWCNTs | Electrospinning | 95% | 36.1% | 8.1 μW/cm2 at 10 MΩ load resistance | [30] |
8 wt % PVDF | 0.1 wt % MWCNTs, 15 wt % ZnO | Drop casting | 88.9% (Electroactive phase) | 32.4% | 21.41 μW/cm2 at 4 MΩ load resistance | [28] |
2 g PVDF in 10 mL of solvent | 1.5 wt % CNTs, 15 wt % ZnO | Solution casting | 62% | 51.16% | 0.66 μW for bending of legs, arms, and wrist | [29] |
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Xu, L.; Lv, J.; Yu, S. Piezoelectric Properties of As-Spun Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (PVDF/MWCNT/ZnO) Nanofibrous Films. Polymers 2024, 16, 2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172483
Xu L, Lv J, Yu S. Piezoelectric Properties of As-Spun Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (PVDF/MWCNT/ZnO) Nanofibrous Films. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172483
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Lei, Jiao Lv, and Shengrui Yu. 2024. "Piezoelectric Properties of As-Spun Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (PVDF/MWCNT/ZnO) Nanofibrous Films" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172483