Characteristic of Gelatine, Carrageenan and Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated by Direct Electric Current
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Apparatus
2.2. Materials
2.3. Preparation of Hydrosols
2.4. Hydrosols Characterization
2.4.1. Physiochemical Properties
2.4.2. Rheological Measurements
Flow Properties
Gelation and Flow Temperatures
2.4.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physiochemical Properties of Hydrosols
3.2. Rheological Measurements
3.2.1. Flow Properties
3.2.2. Gelation and Flow Temperatures
3.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run code letters | Gelatine (G) (%) | Carrageenan (C) (%) | Sodium alginate (A) (%) | NaCl (N) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G2N0 | C1.5N0 | A0.75N0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.75 | 0.0 |
G2N0.1 | C1.5N0.1 | A0.75N0.1 | 0.1 | |||
G2N0.2 | C1.5N0.2 | A0.75N0.2 | 0.2 | |||
G4N0 | C2N0 | A1N0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
G4N0.1 | C2N0.1 | A1N0.1 | 0.1 | |||
G4N0.2 | C2N0.2 | A1N0.2 | 0.2 | |||
G8N0 | C2.5N0 | A1.25N0 | 8.0 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.0 |
G8N0.1 | C2.5N0.1 | A1.25N0.1 | 0.1 | |||
G8N0.2 | C2.5N0.2 | A1.25N0.2 | 0.2 |
Variants | Current (mA) | Ostwald de waele model | Herschel–Bulkley model | Shear stress τ0 (Pa) | Shear stress τ100 (Pa) | Apparent viscosity η0 (mPa·s) | Apparent viscosity η100 (mPa·s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consistency index k (Pa·s) | Flow behavior index n (-) | Yield stress τ0 (Pa) | ||||||
Gelatine | ||||||||
G2N0 | 0 | 0.009 ± 0.001 b,c | 0.749 ± 0.05 a,b | 0.026 ± 0.004 b | 0.011 ± 0.001 a | 0.340 ± 0.007 c | 29.90 ± 0.42 f | 7.90 ± 0.07 e |
G2N0 | 400 | 0.015 ± 0.001 d,e | 0.688 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.004 ± 0.000 a | 0.008 ± 0.000 a | 0.329 ± 0.007 c | 9.33 ± 0.09 b,c | 3.24 ± 0.16 c |
G2N0.2 | 0 | 0.007 ± 0.001 a,b | 0.837 ± 0.00 b | 0.024 ± 0.002 b | 0.012 ± 0.001 a | 0.326 ± 0.013 c | 9.84 ± 0.11 b,c | 3.16 ± 0.01 c |
G2N0.2 | 400 | 0.008 ± 0.000 b,c | 0.844 ± 0.06 b | 0.021 ± 0.002 b | 0.010 ± 0.000 a | 0.346 ± 0.007 c | 8.80 ± 0.17 b | 3.37 ± 0.06 c |
G8N0 | 0 | 0.010 ± 0.001 c | 0.563 ± 0.23 a | 0.023 ± 0.000 c | 0.285 ± 0.330 a | 1.689 ± 0.017 e | 47.55 ± 0.35 g | 17.00 ± 0.28 f |
G8N0 | 400 | 0.014 ± 0.001 d | 0.557 ± 0.05 a | 0.035 ± 0.002 d | 0.027 ± 0.018 a | 0.191 ± 0.058 b | 13.09 ± 0.16 d | 1.53 ± 0.04 b |
G8N0.2 | 0 | 0.017 ± 0.003 e | 0.336 ± 0.08 c | 0.003 ± 0.000 a | 0.026 ± 0.000 a | 0.589 ± 0.010 d | 23.45 ± 0.35 e | 5.89 ± 0.10 d |
G8N0.2 | 400 | 0.004 ± 0.000 a | 0.796 ± 0.02 b | 0.013 ± 0.000 b | 0.002 ± 0.000 a | 0.131 ± 0.016 a | 6.83 ± 0.06 a | 1.23 ± 0.04 a |
Carrageenan | ||||||||
C1.5N0 | 0 | 0.226 ± 0.019 a,b | 0.869 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.033 ± 0.000 a | 0.258 ± 0.011 b,c | 15.025 ± 1.407 c | 310.50 ± 0.71 f | 140.27 ± 0.38 e |
C1.5N0 | 400 | 0.128 ± 0.003 a,b | 0.905 ± 0.01 b–d | 0.022 ± 0.001 a | 0.129 ± 0.006 a | 8.281 ± 0.064 a | 129.60 ± 0.71 b | 83.60 ± 0.42 a |
C1.5N0.2 | 0 | 0.164 ± 0.006 a,b | 0.925 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.218 ± 0.308 a | 0.238 ± 0.016 b | 11.110 ± 0.735 b | 200.61 ± 0.86 c | 120.15 ± 0.21 d |
C1.5N0.2 | 400 | 0.113 ± 0.001 a | 0.950 ± 0.00 d | 0.015 ± 0.000 a | 0.117 ± 0.006 a | 8.694 ± 0.103 a | 119.75 ± 0.35 a | 88.58 ± 1.24 b |
C2.5N0 | 0 | 1.088 ± 0.258 c | 0.828 ± 0.05 b | 1.416 ± 0.143 b | 1.500 ± 0.028 f | 47.288 ± 2.850 e | 1,587.70 ± 4.95 h | 471.10 ± 1.98 g |
C2.5N0 | 400 | 0.409 ± 0.013 b | 0.828 ± 0.01 b | 0.089 ± 0.004 a | 0.304 ± 0.002 d | 8.400 ± 0.028 a | 279.30 ± 0.99 e | 179.28 ± 1.03 f |
C2.5N0.2 | 0 | 1.135 ± 0.191 c | 0.777 ± 0.03 a | 2.350 ± 0.049 c | 1.064 ± 0.034 e | 38.385 ± 0.990 d | 390.10 ± 7.07 g | 120.00 ± 1.70 d |
C2.5N0.2 | 400 | 0.193 ± 0.008 a,b | 0.895 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.276 ± 0.010 a | 0.279 ± 0.045 c | 11.080 ± 0.813 b | 259.65 ± 0.49 d | 110.20 ± 0.28 c |
Sodium alginate | ||||||||
A0.75N0 | 0 | 0.095 ± 0.000 c | 0.966 ± 0.002 g | 0.127 ± 0.002 d | 0.130 ± 0.001 c | 8.104 ± 0.027 b | 119.75 ± 0.35 d | 80.31 ± 0.27 d |
A0.75N0 | 400 | 0.131 ± 0.002 d | 0.877 ± 0.000 a | 0.023 ± 0.000 a | 0.121 ± 0.010b c | 7.444 ± 0.112 b | 110.51 ± 0.71 c | 73.35 ± 0.35 c |
A0.75N0.2 | 0 | 0.080 ± 0.001 b | 0.947 ± 0.002 f | 0.113 ± 0.015 c | 0.108 ± 0.008 b | 6.284 ± 0.115 a | 93.80 ± 0.99 b | 62.15 ± 0.21 b |
A0.75N0.2 | 400 | 0.054 ± 0.002 a | 0.978 ± 0.003 h | 0.076 ± 0.002 b | 0.086 ± 0.012 a | 5.622 ± 0.837 a | 71.15 ± 0.07 a | 49.95 ± 0.49 a |
A1.25N0 | 0 | 0.351 ± 0.013 h | 0.925 ± 0.000 c | 0.435 ± 0.001 e | 0.444 ± 0.012 g | 24.590 ± 0.608 e | 421.10 ± 1.56 h | 239.60 ± 0.57 h |
A1.25N0 | 400 | 0.196 ± 0.004 e | 0.930 ± 0.001d | 0.032 ± 0.000 a | 0.295 ± 0.005 e | 17.956 ± 0.517 c | 260.60 ± 0.85 f | 179.45 ± 0.78 f |
A1.25N0.2 | 0 | 0.336 ± 0.001 g | 0.911 ± 0.000 b | 0.071 ± 0.000 b | 0.405 ± 0.005 f | 22.420 ± 0.042 d | 370.10 ± 0.14 g | 220.05 ± 0.07 g |
A1.25N0.2 | 400 | 0.223 ± 0.000 f | 0.936 ± 0.001 e | 0.031 ± 0.000 a | 0.259 ± 0.011 d | 16.956 ± 0.418 c | 240.21 ± 0.30 e | 170.60 ± 0.85 e |
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Król, Ż.; Malik, M.; Marycz, K.; Jarmoluk, A. Characteristic of Gelatine, Carrageenan and Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated by Direct Electric Current. Polymers 2016, 8, 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8080275
Król Ż, Malik M, Marycz K, Jarmoluk A. Characteristic of Gelatine, Carrageenan and Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated by Direct Electric Current. Polymers. 2016; 8(8):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8080275
Chicago/Turabian StyleKról, Żaneta, Magdalena Malik, Krzysztof Marycz, and Andrzej Jarmoluk. 2016. "Characteristic of Gelatine, Carrageenan and Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated by Direct Electric Current" Polymers 8, no. 8: 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8080275