Catalytic Activity of Oxidized Carbon Black and Graphene Oxide for the Crosslinking of Epoxy Resins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation Procedures
2.2.1. Preparation of Oxidized Graphitic Materials
2.2.2. Dispersion of Graphite-Based Nanofillers and the Cure of the Epoxy Resin
2.3. Characterization Techniques
2.3.1. Elemental Analysis
2.3.2. Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction
2.3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.4. Infrared Spectroscopy
2.3.5. BET Specific Surface Areas
2.3.6. Rheometry
2.3.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Carbon Nanofillers
3.2. Gel Time of the Epoxy Resin Crosslinking Reaction by the Rheometer
3.3. DSC Heating Scans of Unfilled and Filled Epoxy Resins
3.4. Kinetics of the Epoxy Resin Crosslinking Reaction by Isothermal DSC
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanofiller | C (wt %) | H (wt %) | O (wt %) | S (wt %) | O/C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
oCB-1 | 85.9 | 0.2 | 13.75 | <0.2 | 0.16 |
oCB-2 | 50.3 | 2.3 | 41.7 | 5.4 | 0.83 |
oCB-3 | 40.8 | 1.73 | 37.42 | 9.9 | 0.91 |
eGO | 59.4 | 0.6 | 37.1 | 2.6 | 0.62 |
Sample | tgel [min] |
---|---|
Epoxy | 70.5 ± 5.6 |
Epoxy oCB-1 | 62.9 ± 4.4 |
Epoxy oCB-2 | 47.9 ± 3.6 |
Epoxy oCB-3 | 39.7 ± 2.0 |
Epoxy_eGO | 41.7 ± 2.1 |
Sample | ∆HU (J/g) | Tpeak °C | Amine catalyzed fraction (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Epoxy | 313.9 ± 1.1 | 113.7 ± 0.9 | 0 |
Epoxy + oCB-1 (O/C = 0.16) | 327.5 ± 2.2 | 96.5 ± 0.8 | 12 |
Epoxy + oCB-2 (O/C = 0.83) | 383.8 ± 1.1 | 96.2 ± 0.7 | 34 |
Epoxy + oCB-3 (O/C = 0.91) | 352.5 ± 1.7 | 88.7 ± 1.1 | 56 |
Epoxy + eGO (O/C = 0.62) | 374.4 ± 2.3 | 95.0 ± 0.7 | 29 |
Sample | ∆H (J/g) | tpeak (s) | ∆Hresidual (J/g) | Tg (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Epoxy | 158.0 ± 2.0 | 508 ± 1 | 74.6 ± 1.1 | 54.7 |
Epoxy + oCB-1 | 306.0 ± 18.0 | 504 ± 19 | 18.1 ± 0.9 | 66.3 |
Epoxy + oCB-2 | 297.7 ± 5.7 | 393 ± 6 | 62.6 ± 1.3 | 59.4 |
Epoxy + oCB-3 | 337.0 ± 27.0 | 249 ± 63 | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 64.6 |
Epoxy + eGO | 337.0 ± 2.0 | 306 ± 1 | 26.2 ± 0.8 | 63.2 |
Sample | (dα/dt)peak (s−1) | αmax | m | n | k1 (s−1) × 106 | k2 (s−1) × 106 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epoxy | 1.57 × 10−4 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 1.06 | 204 | 650 |
Epoxy + oCB-1 | 2.33 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 0.21 | 1.07 | 740 | 340 |
Epoxy + OCB-2 | 3.02 × 10−4 | 0.78 | 0.39 | 1.22 | 230 | 630 |
Epoxy + oCB-3 | 4.49 × 10−4 | 0.96 | 0.30 | 1.58 | 230 | 670 |
Epoxy + eGO | 3.18 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 0.20 | 1.22 | 990 | 490 |
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Acocella, M.R.; Esposito Corcione, C.; Giuri, A.; Maggio, M.; Guerra, G.; Maffezzoli, A. Catalytic Activity of Oxidized Carbon Black and Graphene Oxide for the Crosslinking of Epoxy Resins. Polymers 2017, 9, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040133
Acocella MR, Esposito Corcione C, Giuri A, Maggio M, Guerra G, Maffezzoli A. Catalytic Activity of Oxidized Carbon Black and Graphene Oxide for the Crosslinking of Epoxy Resins. Polymers. 2017; 9(4):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040133
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcocella, Maria Rosaria, Carola Esposito Corcione, Antonella Giuri, Mario Maggio, Gaetano Guerra, and Alfonso Maffezzoli. 2017. "Catalytic Activity of Oxidized Carbon Black and Graphene Oxide for the Crosslinking of Epoxy Resins" Polymers 9, no. 4: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040133