Paclobutrazol Application Favors Yield Improvement of Maize Under Semiarid Regions by Delaying Leaf Senescence and Regulating Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant System During Grain-Filling Stage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Seed Treatment and Experimental Design
2.3. Plants Sampling and Measurements
2.3.1. Determination of Green Leaf Area and Senescence Rate
2.3.2. Assay of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Content
2.3.3. Net Photosynthetic Rate and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis
2.3.4. Preparation of Enzyme Extracts and Assay of Antioxidant Enzymes
2.3.5. Estimation of Soluble Sugars and Protein
2.3.6. Determination of Malonaldehyde (MDA) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.3.7. Grain Yield and Yield Components
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ear Size
3.2. Grain Yield And Yield Components
3.3. Leaf Senescence Rate
3.4. Effect of Paclobutrazol on Photosynthetic Pigments
3.5. Net Photosynthesis Rate
3.6. Chlorophyll Fluorescence
3.7. Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes
3.8. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation
3.9. Soluble Protein and Soluble Sugar
3.10. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect | df | Ear Length | Ear Diameter | Kernels Ear-1 | TKW | Grain Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year (Y) | 1 | 8.21 * | 28.57 ** | 12.10 ** | 14.62 ** | 25.58 ** |
Paclobutrazol (P) | 3 | 72.57 ** | 96.86 ** | 114.42 ** | 174.56 ** | 183.60 ** |
Y × P | 3 | 0.93 NS | 2.86 NS | 0.42 NS | 1.37 NS | 1.99 NS |
Year | Treatments | Ear Length (cm) | Ear Diameter (cm) | Kernels ear −1 | TKW (g) | Grain Yield (t ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | CK | 14.1 ± 0.45 d | 4.3 ± 0.06 c | 403 ± 12.02 d | 264.6 ± 6.04 d | 6.50 ± 0.25 d |
PS1 | 15.4 ± 0.56 c | 4.6 ± 0.07 b | 454 ± 9.38 c | 312.1 ± 2.40 c | 8.03 ± 0.30 c | |
PS2 | 18.9 ± 0.71 a | 5.0 ± 0.07 a | 535 ± 8.35 a | 360.0 ± 7.38 a | 10.45 ± 0.29 a | |
PS3 | 16.8 ± 0.47 b | 5.0 ± 0.09 a | 491 ± 13.21 b | 339.1 ± 6.71 b | 9.23 ± 0.23 b | |
2015 | CK | 13.5 ± 0.52 d | 4.2 ± 0.09 c | 390 ± 6.55 d | 257.2 ± 6.09 c | 6.37 ± 0.26 d |
PS1 | 15.0 ± 0.49 c | 4.4 ± 0.05 b | 438 ± 11.93 c | 308.4 ± 9.23 b | 7.28 ± 0.19 c | |
PS2 | 17.6 ± 0.72 a | 4.8 ± 0.05 a | 508 ± 9.07 a | 341.6 ± 7.62 a | 9.59 ± 0.37 a | |
PS3 | 16.4 ± 0.38 b | 4.7 ± 0.06 a | 478 ± 14.80 b | 323.8 ± 9.45 b | 8.65 ± 0.33 b |
Effect | df | Leaf Senescence | Chlorophyll | Carotenoid | Pn | Fo | Fv/Fm | YII | MDA |
Year (Y) | 1 | 117.81 ** | 462.62 ** | 1325.96 ** | 0.56 NS | 30.67 ** | 70.02 ** | 29.91 ** | 91.70 ** |
Paclobutrazol (P) | 3 | 408.27 ** | 225.11 ** | 298.44 ** | 221.39 ** | 300.07 ** | 628.96 ** | 171.12 ** | 477.82 ** |
sampling time (T) | 3 | 4509.25 ** | 693.39 ** | 1837.87 ** | 1072.89 ** | 918.36 ** | 1498.3 ** | 184.41 ** | 1887.09 ** |
Y × P | 3 | 3.73 * | 2.33 NS | 3.46 * | 1.48 NS | 3.27 * | 21.96 ** | 0.65 NS | 1.84 NS |
Y × T | 3 | 53.24 ** | 0.59 NS | 102.64 ** | 8.57 ** | 9.14 ** | 18.92 ** | 3.68 * | 9.99 ** |
P × T | 9 | 93.64 ** | 4.85 ** | 2.23 * | 4.86 ** | 4.88 ** | 7.67 ** | 0.93 NS | 27.96 ** |
Y × P × T | 9 | 2.64 * | 1.23 NS | 4.75 ** | 1.73 NS | 3.16 ** | 1.36 NS | 0.50 NS | 1.69 NS |
Effect | df | SOD | POD | CAT | APX | H2O | O2− | SP | SS |
Year (Y) | 1 | 3695.57 ** | 1304.9 ** | 16.97 ** | 955.43 ** | 69.33 ** | 15.1 ** | 392.47 ** | 254.74 ** |
Paclobutrazol (P) | 3 | 714.81 ** | 444.6 ** | 256.36 ** | 322.9 ** | 1011.75 ** | 363.71 ** | 204.17 ** | 6.54 ** |
sampling time (T) | 3 | 7328.52 ** | 1736.32 ** | 504.36 ** | 464.7 ** | 1802 ** | 419.22 ** | 1782.02 ** | 3256.40 ** |
Y × P | 3 | 11.05 ** | 2.16 NS | 9.24 ** | 6.72 ** | 13.12 ** | 3.70 * | 3.29 * | 31.26 ** |
Y × T | 3 | 235.92 ** | 137.08 ** | 26.1 ** | 95.15 ** | 24.65 ** | 47.61 ** | 15.23 ** | 859.57 ** |
P × T | 9 | 12.37 ** | 7.51 ** | 4.31 ** | 4.31 ** | 101.55 ** | 18.82 ** | 1.12 NS | 92.74 ** |
Y × P × T | 9 | 3.24 ** | 4.93 ** | 4.86 ** | 2.62 * | 17.58 ** | 2.97 ** | 1.86 NS | 6.62 ** |
Chl | Car | LS | SOD | POD | CAT | APX | H2O2 | O2− | MDA | Pn | Fv/Fm | Y(II) | SP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Car | 0.861 ** | |||||||||||||
LS | −0.962 ** | −0.948 ** | ||||||||||||
SOD | 0.968 ** | 0.931 ** | −0.989 ** | |||||||||||
POD | 0.752 ** | 0.973 ** | −0.868 ** | 0.863 ** | ||||||||||
CAT | 0.870 ** | 0.988 ** | −0.945 ** | 0.922 ** | 0.946 ** | |||||||||
APX | 0.959 ** | 0.750 ** | −0.880 ** | 0.870 ** | 0.608 * | 0.774 * | ||||||||
H2O2 | −0.973 ** | −0.932 ** | 0.977 ** | −0.970 ** | −0.849 ** | −0.936 ** | −0.930 ** | |||||||
O2− | −0.966 ** | −0.952 ** | 0.996 ** | −0.995 ** | −0.882 ** | −0.947 ** | −0.879 ** | 0.980 ** | ||||||
MDA | −0.948 ** | −0.963 ** | 0.984 ** | −0.985 ** | −0.912 ** | −0.952 ** | −0.863 ** | 0.982 ** | 0.992 ** | |||||
Pn | 0.983 ** | 0.898 ** | −0.985 ** | 0.985 ** | 0.806 ** | 0.904 ** | 0.911 ** | −0.974 ** | −0.985 ** | −0.965 ** | ||||
Fv/Fm | 0.987 ** | 0.862 ** | −0.958 ** | 0.953 ** | 0.746 ** | 0.883 ** | 0.964 ** | −0.980 ** | −0.956 ** | −0.940 ** | 0.977 ** | |||
Y(II) | 0.986 ** | 0.823 ** | −0.935 ** | 0.951 ** | 0.704 * | 0.843 ** | 0.934 ** | −0.938 ** | −0.939 ** | −0.909 ** | 0.966 ** | 0.972 ** | ||
SP | 0.971 ** | 0.940 ** | −0.988 ** | 0.985 ** | 0.853 ** | 0.934 ** | 0.887 ** | −0.973 ** | −0.988 ** | −0.973 ** | 0.976 ** | 0.960 ** | 0.955 ** | |
Yield | 0.961 ** | 0.886 ** | −0.974 ** | 0.980 ** | 0.805 ** | 0.893 ** | 0.869 ** | −0.951 ** | −0.973 ** | −0.951 ** | 0.993 ** | 0.955 ** | 0.952 ** | 0.959 ** |
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Kamran, M.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmad, I.; Hussain, I.; Meng, X.; Zhang, X.; Javed, T.; Ullah, M.; Ding, R.; Xu, P.; et al. Paclobutrazol Application Favors Yield Improvement of Maize Under Semiarid Regions by Delaying Leaf Senescence and Regulating Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant System During Grain-Filling Stage. Agronomy 2020, 10, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020187
Kamran M, Ahmad S, Ahmad I, Hussain I, Meng X, Zhang X, Javed T, Ullah M, Ding R, Xu P, et al. Paclobutrazol Application Favors Yield Improvement of Maize Under Semiarid Regions by Delaying Leaf Senescence and Regulating Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant System During Grain-Filling Stage. Agronomy. 2020; 10(2):187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020187
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamran, Muhammad, Shakeel Ahmad, Irshad Ahmad, Izhar Hussain, Xiangping Meng, Xudong Zhang, Tehseen Javed, Misbah Ullah, Ruixia Ding, Peizhi Xu, and et al. 2020. "Paclobutrazol Application Favors Yield Improvement of Maize Under Semiarid Regions by Delaying Leaf Senescence and Regulating Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant System During Grain-Filling Stage" Agronomy 10, no. 2: 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020187