Agronomy

11 pages, 451 KB

Open AccessArticle

Agronomic Performance of Mandarin and Hybrid Cultivars Grafted onto Two Commercial Rootstocks Under High Disease Pressure in Brazil

by Fernando Trevizan Devite, Fernando Alves de Azevedo, Evandro Henrique Schinor, Ana Júlia Borim de Souza, Patrícia Marluci da Conceição, Mariângela Cristofani-Yaly and Marinês Bastianel

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121206 (registering DOI) - 21 Jun 2026

Abstract

Thirteen mandarin and hybrid cultivars grafted onto the commercial rootstocks Rangpur Lime and Swingle Citrumelo were comparatively assessed for vegetative growth, fruit physicochemical attributes, and field incidence and severity of Altenaria Brown Spot (ABS) and Huanglongbing (HLB). The experiment was conducted from January [...] Read more.

Thirteen mandarin and hybrid cultivars grafted onto the commercial rootstocks Rangpur Lime and Swingle Citrumelo were comparatively assessed for vegetative growth, fruit physicochemical attributes, and field incidence and severity of Altenaria Brown Spot (ABS) and Huanglongbing (HLB). The experiment was conducted from January 2015 to December 2018 under a randomized block design, with ten replicates per scion–rootstock combination. Plant height, canopy volume, fruit mass, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids, and disease assessments were performed. RL induced greater vegetative growth but was associated with higher HLB severity, particularly in the Dekopon IAC 2009 and TM × LP 358 varieties. SC resulted in less vigorous trees but improved fruit quality, with higher acidity and soluble solids. Regarding ABS, the Loose Jacket IAC 515 and Muscia varieties showed high susceptibility, while Ortanique IAC 554 and Rainha BRS exhibited tolerance to both ABS and HLB. These findings suggest that although RL promotes vigorous growth, it may increase disease susceptibility, whereas SC is associated with reduced disease severity and improved fruit quality. Ortanique IAC 554 and Rainha BRS showed consistently low severity of ABS and HLB, combined with stable vegetative development and fruit quality, underscoring the importance of rootstock choice for guiding cultivar deployment in orchards under high disease pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3974 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Organic Fertilizer Substitution on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Vegetable Production Systems: A Global Meta-Analysis

by Lusheng Li, Xiangjie Chen, Lili Zhao, Ling Zhong, Lixia Guo, Yuan Wang, Hongbo Xue, Haixia Qin, Minggui Zhang and Guanghua Yao

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121205 (registering DOI) - 21 Jun 2026

Abstract

Controversy persists on a global scale regarding the trade-offs between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, the global warming potential (GWP), and GHG intensity (GHGI) following organic fertilizer substitution within vegetable cropping systems. This study aimed to quantify these effects under diverse conditions and [...] Read more.

Controversy persists on a global scale regarding the trade-offs between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, the global warming potential (GWP), and GHG intensity (GHGI) following organic fertilizer substitution within vegetable cropping systems. This study aimed to quantify these effects under diverse conditions and elucidate the direct and indirect drivers governing these outcomes through a meta-analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM). We synthesized 655 paired observations from 69 published studies using random-effects meta-analysis, finding that organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased CH₄ emissions and GWP compared to inorganic fertilizer controls. Although this was the general trend, organic fertilizer could reduce GWP under specific climatic and soil conditions by reducing N₂O emissions, such as mean annual precipitation <400 mm or soil total nitrogen ≥3 g kg⁻¹. These conditions were also associated with substantially higher yield and lower GHGI. Furthermore, SEM demonstrated that field management practices exerted significant direct effects on N₂O emissions, GWP, and GHGI. Reductions in N₂O emissions, GWP, and GHGI could be achieved with fertilizer application duration ≥10 years, total N application rate ≥300 kg ha⁻¹, and field cultivation or plowing. GHGI was also reduced through yield enhancement under a moderate organic substitution rate (33–66%) or irrigation ≥300 mm. Our study provides a scientific basis for moving beyond universal recommendations towards precision organic management, which is essential for optimizing fertilization strategies to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 9358 KB

Open AccessReview

Selenium in Plants from Mechanisms to Research Frontiers: A Mini-Review and Bibliometric Analysis from 2000 to 2025

by Haibo Wang, Zhikang Guo, Fang Chen, Yunan Liu and Mu Peng

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121204 (registering DOI) - 21 Jun 2026

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element involved in plant growth, metabolism, stress adaptation, and crop quality improvement, but its effects are strongly influenced by chemical form, application dose, plant species, growth stage, and environmental conditions. To integrate mechanistic understanding with global research trends, [...] Read more.

Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element involved in plant growth, metabolism, stress adaptation, and crop quality improvement, but its effects are strongly influenced by chemical form, application dose, plant species, growth stage, and environmental conditions. To integrate mechanistic understanding with global research trends, this study combines a concise mini-review with a bibliometric analysis of Se research in plants from 2000 to 2025. The mini-review summarizes Se speciation and bioavailability in the soil–plant–microbe system, root uptake and long-distance transport, metabolic assimilation and detoxification, physiological regulation, stress tolerance, biofortification, and nano-Se applications. Bibliographic data were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. A total of 3451 valid publications were identified, showing a sustained increase in annual output, especially after 2018. The field has expanded from early studies on Se speciation, uptake, assimilation, and antioxidant responses toward broader themes involving crop biofortification, molecular regulation, stress physiology, foliar application, nano-Se applications, green synthesis, and phytoremediation. Overall, plant Se research has evolved into an interdisciplinary field linking mechanistic studies with safe agricultural application. Future work should emphasize standardized experimental frameworks, causal mechanism validation, precise biofortification, field-based evaluation, and safety assessment of emerging Se-based technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Enrichment and Crop Quality in Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 2851 KB

Open AccessReview

Agricultural Variable-Rate Nozzles: A Review of Technologies and Control Approaches

by Mengmeng Niu, Qingyi Zhang, Peng Qi, Xinzhong Wang, Rodrigo Quintana, Huimin Fang, Zhiming Wei, Zhihao Gong and Shicheng Wang

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121203 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026

Abstract

As the core actuation component of intelligent precision spraying systems, the variable-rate nozzle is essential for achieving on-demand agricultural spraying; improving the use efficiency of water, fertilizers and pesticides; and reducing environmental pollution. This paper systematically reviews the development of agricultural variable-rate nozzles, [...] Read more.

As the core actuation component of intelligent precision spraying systems, the variable-rate nozzle is essential for achieving on-demand agricultural spraying; improving the use efficiency of water, fertilizers and pesticides; and reducing environmental pollution. This paper systematically reviews the development of agricultural variable-rate nozzles, from early mechanical profiling structures to modern intelligent control technologies based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). First, the existing variable-rate nozzles are classified into three major categories: electromagnetic-integrated type, centrifugal type, and variable-diameter type. A comparative analysis is conducted from three dimensions of working principle, performance characteristics and application scenarios, to delineate the respective advantages and limitations of each nozzle category. Second, the paper examines key technological advances in three areas: high-frequency solenoid valves, PWM control, and pressure and flow stabilization. It identifies the nonlinear response of solenoid valves, flow distortion under low duty cycles, and water hammer pressure fluctuation induced by high-speed switching as the three core technical bottlenecks at the current stage. Subsequently, the latest achievements and typical methodologies of variable-rate nozzles in structural design, simulation and experimental analysis are systematically reviewed, and their application performance in scenarios including field crops, orchards, protected agriculture and beyond are summarized. Finally, the remaining open issues in this field are put forward. It is suggested that future research should focus on key breakthroughs in the development of corrosion and wear-resistant high-frequency solenoid valves, the formation mechanism and suppression methods of pressure fluctuation, as well as adaptive algorithms based on machine learning or Model Predictive Control (MPC), to promote the leapfrog development of agricultural variable-rate nozzle technology from single variable control to multi-factor coupling optimization. All references cited in this paper are from articles published after the year 2000. Among them, the literature published in the last decade accounts for 86.6%, and literature published in the last five years accounts for 58.9%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Orchard Equipment: Advances in Precision Management Technologies)

25 pages, 3883 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Chitosan–Essential Oil Coatings for Strawberries: A Trade-Off Between Sensory Quality and Antimicrobial Activity

by Ylenia Pieracci, Priscilla Farina, Pierina Díaz-Guerrero, Chiara Sanmartin, Diego Mencarini, Barbara Conti, Arianna Petrucci, Sabrina Sarrocco and Francesca Venturi

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121202 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026

Abstract

Bio-based coatings enriched with essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative to synthetic preservatives to extend strawberries’ shelf-life. This study evaluated the effects of chitosan (CHT) formulations containing three selected EOs (Illicium verum, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus limon) on [...] Read more.

Bio-based coatings enriched with essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative to synthetic preservatives to extend strawberries’ shelf-life. This study evaluated the effects of chitosan (CHT) formulations containing three selected EOs (Illicium verum, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus limon) on the volatile profile, sensory quality, and antifungal activity of strawberry fruits. Volatile emissions were characterized by Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, while sensory properties were assessed using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. Antifungal activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea. Chitosan alone slightly modified the volatile profile, while EO-enriched coatings induced marked and concentration-dependent changes, reflecting the chemical composition of the incorporated EOs. Among the tested formulations, CHT combined with 1% C. sinensis EO provided the best balance between preservation of the characteristic strawberry aroma and overall sensory acceptance. In vitro assays showed that EO volatiles, particularly from C. sinensis and I. verum, significantly inhibited fungal growth, while diffusible compounds were less effective. In vivo, EO-containing coatings reduced disease incidence and severity by approximately 50%. These findings highlight the potential of CHT–EO coatings as sustainable options for postharvest preservation, although optimization of EO type and concentration is crucial to balance sensory quality and antimicrobial efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Bioactive Products for Sustainable Pest Control and Crop Protection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 328 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inheritance and Fitness Costs of Laboratory-Selected Cry1Ab Resistance in Ostrinia furnacalis

by Houjun Xia, Zhanfeng Yan, Zengxia Wang and Yueqin Wang

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121201 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026

Abstract

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is a major pest in China and across East and Southeast Asia, serving as the primary target of Bt maize expressing Cry proteins. Evolution of resistance to Bt toxins represents a critical challenge in plant protection. [...] Read more.

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is a major pest in China and across East and Southeast Asia, serving as the primary target of Bt maize expressing Cry proteins. Evolution of resistance to Bt toxins represents a critical challenge in plant protection. The high-dose/refuge strategy is more effective when resistance is recessively inherited and fitness costs are present. Here, we characterize the inheritance pattern and fitness costs of Cry1Ab resistance in O. furnacalis using a resistant strain exhibiting a resistance ratio of >1400-fold. The LC₅₀ values of F₁ hybrids from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible strains were 2.44 (1.90–3.12) μg/g and 2.01 (1.53–2.61) μg/g, respectively, with no significant difference, indicating autosomal inheritance. The effective dominance (h) of F₁ offspring decreased with increasing concentration, suggesting that resistance was concentration-dependent. Analysis of observed versus expected mortality in backcross progeny (F₁ × resistant strain) indicated that Cry1Ab resistance is likely governed by more than one genetic locus. Compared with the susceptible strain, resistant individuals exhibited prolonged larval development (18.6 d vs. 17.2 d, p < 0.001), reduced pupation (42.5% vs. 60.8%, p < 0.001) and adult emergence rates (60.3% vs. 87.8%, p < 0.001), while fecundity was not significantly affected. These results verify the existence of fitness costs associated with Bt resistance. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanistic basis of Cry1Ab resistance and will assist in designing proactive management strategies to delay resistance evolution in field populations of O. furnacalis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and Pests Management)

26 pages, 4300 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Methodological Approach to Soil Quality Assessment in Mountainous Semi-Arid Agroecosystems

by Sina Mallah, Manouchehr Gorji, Mohammad Reza Balali, Naser Davatgar, Hossein Asadi, Mirko Castellini and Anna Maria Stellacci

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121200 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026

Abstract

Soil quality assessment, which considers numerous physical, chemical, and biological indicators, has long been a challenge for monitoring soil functions and ensuring sustainable resource use in agriculture. In this study, different indicator selection and weighting methods were compared to derive a reliable Soil [...] Read more.

Soil quality assessment, which considers numerous physical, chemical, and biological indicators, has long been a challenge for monitoring soil functions and ensuring sustainable resource use in agriculture. In this study, different indicator selection and weighting methods were compared to derive a reliable Soil Quality Index (SQI) in semi-arid agroecosystems. A total of 117 topsoil samples were taken from the Ap horizon within a 14,200 ha area of the Honam sub-catchment, southwestern Iran. Twenty-one soil indicators were measured and analyzed to assess the overall SQI. Soil indicator selection was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), considering standard and norm value strategies, as well as component rotation. Four weighting approaches, including PCA, Coefficient of Variation (CV), correlation score (r), and Expert Opinion (EO), were applied to the Minimum Dataset (MDS) and Total Dataset (TDS) to compute the Integrated Quality Index (IQI), Nemoro (NQI), simple additive (IQIa), and Fuzzy Fertility Index (FFI). The performance of the SQI models was evaluated using the Sensitivity Index (SI) and their relationships with crop yield. The results showed that the combination of the norm value approach without component rotation was more effective in selecting the influential indicators for SQI determination. The Soil Stability Index (SSI), which integrates soil organic carbon and textural properties, was the key indicator with the highest contribution, ranging between 6.3% and 37.5% in most of the models. Among the evaluated approaches, the IQI-CV-MDS showed the highest sensitivity (SI = 6.8) and the strongest correlation (r = 0.53) with rainfed barley yield. The majority of the samples exhibited moderate SQI values, indicating a general risk of soil quality decline in the study area. The findings of this study highlight that appropriate indicator selection and weighting strategies are essential for improving the reliability of SQI assessments in semi-arid environments with diverse mountainous topography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 28094 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the bHLH Gene Family in Fragaria vesca and Its Response to Low-Temperature Stress

by Wenhui Li, Wenhao Zhang, Xinyan Ma, Jiahao Wang, Yilin Wang, Siqi Meng, Xinru Dong, Xingguo Li and Deguo Han

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121199 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026

Abstract

Fragaria vesca is a highly adaptable diploid model species. Although bHLH transcription factors (TFs) have been widely reported to regulate plant development and stress responses, the bHLH gene family has not been systematically characterized in Fragaria vesca. In this study, we conducted [...] Read more.

Fragaria vesca is a highly adaptable diploid model species. Although bHLH transcription factors (TFs) have been widely reported to regulate plant development and stress responses, the bHLH gene family has not been systematically characterized in Fragaria vesca. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the bHLH TF family based on the Fragaria vesca v6 genome assembly. A total of 117 FvbHLH genes were identified, and promoter analysis revealed the presence of numerous cis-regulatory elements associated with plant development, hormone signaling, and stress responses. Transcriptome analysis showed that several FvbHLH genes were differentially expressed in leaves and stems under low-temperature stress. The low-temperature expression patterns of selected genes were further validated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Moreover, heterologous overexpression of FvbHLH86 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced cold tolerance by improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. These findings provide a valuable foundation for future functional studies of FvbHLH genes and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cold stress responses in Fragaria vesca. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3022 KB

Open AccessArticle

In-Field Assessment of Olive Fruit Quality Using a Low-Cost Multispectral Sensor and ANN Models

by Miguel Noguera, Borja Millán, Arturo Aquino and José Manuel Andújar

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121198 - 19 Jun 2026

Abstract

Optimizing harvest time and oil production requires accurate olive fruit quality characterization. Traditional chemical methods are costly and tedious, leading to poor monitoring resolution and reliance on subjective visual assessments. While spectroscopy offers a non-destructive alternative, standard equipment remains complex and prohibitively expensive [...] Read more.

Optimizing harvest time and oil production requires accurate olive fruit quality characterization. Traditional chemical methods are costly and tedious, leading to poor monitoring resolution and reliance on subjective visual assessments. While spectroscopy offers a non-destructive alternative, standard equipment remains complex and prohibitively expensive for smallholder farmers. To address this, we propose a methodology using a custom-made, low-cost multispectral device. Built upon the AS7265x board, the system acquires 18 spectral bands in the visible and near-infrared range (410–940 nm). We used these spectral data to feed artificial neural network (ANN) models for estimating the quality of intact olives. During a two-season field experiment, we monitored ripening to acquire spectral signatures and ground-truth values for oil content per fresh weight (OCFW), oil content per dry matter (OCDM), moisture (M), and titratable acidity (TA). External validation showed high accuracy for OCFW (R²p = 0.86), OCDM (R²p = 0.86), and M (R²p = 0.89), proving the system’s reliability. However, TA estimation showed lower performance (R²p = 0.21), indicating limited spectral correlation. These findings pave the way for affordable, real-time smart farming tools for olive quality monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy in Modern Agriculture: Current Achievements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 2548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interactive Effects of Abiotic Stress and Clipping on Biomass Accumulation and Root Architecture in Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis Cultivars During Turf Establishment and Early Development

by Ligia Craciun, Adrián Sapiña-Solano, Diana-Maria Mircea, Marius N. Grigore, Mario X. Ruiz-González, Oscar Vicente, Mónica Boscaiu and Adriana F. Sestras

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121197 - 19 Jun 2026

Abstract

The effects of climate change pose challenges to 21st-century society. Abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought represent a risk to biodiversity and the sustainability of urban and managed grasslands. In this study, we evaluated the interactive effects of mechanical defoliation (clipping), water [...] Read more.

The effects of climate change pose challenges to 21st-century society. Abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought represent a risk to biodiversity and the sustainability of urban and managed grasslands. In this study, we evaluated the interactive effects of mechanical defoliation (clipping), water deficit, and salinity under greenhouse conditions on several cultivars of two cool-season turfgrass species, Lolium perenne L. (‘Columbine’, ‘Allstarter’, ‘Esquire’) and Poa pratensis L. (‘Sombrero’, ‘Dakisha’, ‘Conni’). Water stress reduced relative leaf fresh and dry weight from approximately 66% to 28% and from 76% to 30%, respectively. Salinity induced moderate responses, mainly affecting root-related traits. Clipping reduced biomass, with relative leaf fresh and dry weight decreasing from 64% to 27% and from 86% to 28%, but it also stimulated compensatory responses, including increases in length increment from 0.17 to 0.29 cm day⁻¹, and in leaf and root water content from 63% to 67%. Lolium perenne showed greater root development than P. pratensis with higher root length (95% vs. 75%) and root surface area and volume (66% vs. 51%). Cultivar differences were evident, with ‘Columbine’ and ‘Allstarter’ showing greater stability, whereas ‘Dakisha’ was more sensitive. These findings highlight the importance of cultivar selection and clipping management under stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Crop Management to Respond to Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1088 KB

Open AccessReview

Adaptive Chemistry: Secondary Metabolites as Tools for Engineering Crops Under Extreme Climate Stress

by Rodica D. Catana, Raluca A. Mihai, Ramiro Fernando Vivanco Gonzaga, Ana-Maria Morosanu, Mirela M. Moldoveanu, Anush Kosakyan and Larisa I. Florescu

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121196 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Extreme climatic conditions often intensify abiotic stress factors (such as drought, salinity, heat stress, ultraviolet radiation, and soil degradation), and are increasingly limiting crop productivity and threatening global food security. Secondary metabolites (SMs), traditionally viewed as defense compounds, are now recognized as key [...] Read more.

Extreme climatic conditions often intensify abiotic stress factors (such as drought, salinity, heat stress, ultraviolet radiation, and soil degradation), and are increasingly limiting crop productivity and threatening global food security. Secondary metabolites (SMs), traditionally viewed as defense compounds, are now recognized as key regulators of plant adaptation to environmental stress. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the role of SMs as biochemical targets for improving crop resilience to climate extremes. By integrating evidence from multi-omics studies, artificial-intelligence-driven analyses, and functional genomics, we examine how stress-specific metabolic signatures and regulatory networks can be exploited for crop improvement. We further discuss the application of genome editing, synthetic biology, and metabolomics-assisted breeding to modulate the SM pathways to enhance stress tolerance. Selected case studies highlight the contribution of flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids to stress adaptation in major and underutilized crops grown under salinity, drought, and low-temperature conditions. Despite significant progress, challenges remain, including metabolic trade-offs between stress tolerance and yield, regulatory constraints, and public acceptance of genetically engineered crops. By linking molecular mechanisms with applied strategies, this review provides a conceptual framework for leveraging secondary metabolism in climate-resilient agriculture and identifies key gaps to guide future research and innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond Survival: Engineering Crops for Extreme Climate Adaptation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Brassinolide Application: A Promising Strategy to Enhance Sorghum Yield and Photosynthetic Performance Under Nitrogen Reduction Conditions

by Huan Zhang, Xin Hu, Xinzi Li, Chunmei Yang, Chang Liu, Xiaolong Shi, Chunjuan Liu and Yufei Zhou

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121195 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Reducing nitrogen (N) fertilization is essential for sustainable agriculture, but it frequently suppresses photosynthetic capacity and diminishes grain yield in sorghum. To determine whether exogenous brassinolide (BL) can offset these negative effects, a two-year field experiment was conducted using foliar BL application (0.1 [...] Read more.

Reducing nitrogen (N) fertilization is essential for sustainable agriculture, but it frequently suppresses photosynthetic capacity and diminishes grain yield in sorghum. To determine whether exogenous brassinolide (BL) can offset these negative effects, a two-year field experiment was conducted using foliar BL application (0.1 mg L⁻¹) under three N levels (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha⁻¹), with assessments of grain yield, photosynthetic parameters, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Results showed that BL significantly increased grain yield under zero N (by 15.47%) and moderately under 50% N reduction (by 4.32%), primarily by increasing grains per panicle. Under N-reduced conditions, BL enhanced net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll content, Rubisco/PEPC activities, and dry matter partitioning to panicles, with these traits positively correlated with yield. Under 50% N reduction, BL improved N recovery efficiency (RE) and agronomic efficiency (AE) while leaf N content correlated positively with SPAD, Pn, and yield. No significant BL effects occurred under normal N. Thus, exogenous BL application partially compensates for N reduction-induced yield loss by enhancing photosynthesis, source–sink partitioning, and NUE, providing a promising, environmentally sustainable strategy for sorghum production under reduced N input. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 83549 KB

Open AccessReview

Dynamic Coupling Mechanisms in Automatic Vegetable Transplanters: Technological Advances and Challenges Across the Motion Chain

by Jianfeng Han, Xiwen Luo, Ziyi Liang, Yue Zhang, Minghua Zhang, Ying Zang, Zaiman Wang, Wenwu Yang and Juan Liao

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121194 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Vegetable mechanized transplanting is a key link bridging industrial seedling raising and field cultivation, whose technical level directly determines operating efficiency and planting standardization. Despite its importance, current transplanting systems still struggle with instability and limited coordination between modules. This review adopts a [...] Read more.

Vegetable mechanized transplanting is a key link bridging industrial seedling raising and field cultivation, whose technical level directly determines operating efficiency and planting standardization. Despite its importance, current transplanting systems still struggle with instability and limited coordination between modules. This review adopts a systematic literature analysis methodology, covering core databases including Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and CAB Abstracts. In response to prominent issues in current transplanting equipment, such as continuous seedling supply, low-damage seedling picking, synchronization of conveying and planting actions, and adaptability to high-speed operation, this paper systematically reviews and evaluates the latest research progress in related key technologies worldwide. From the perspective of kinematic chain coupling, the transplanting process is deconstructed into four core stages: “seedling supply—seedling picking—seedling delivery—seedling planting,” with a focus on analyzing the temporal coordination, spatial constraints, state transitions, and their dynamic coupling relationships within the machine-seedling-soil system. Research indicates that vegetable transplanting technology is evolving from localized mechanism optimization toward whole-process collaborative design and system stability control, with typical high-speed operation efficiency reaching 60–140 plants per minute per row. However, significant challenges remain in low-damage seedling picking and planting at high speeds, adaptability to diverse varieties and seedling states, online perception and real-time error correction, as well as engineering reliability. The seedling damage rate under high-speed operation exceeds 8% in most existing equipment, and the planting upright rate drops by more than 5% when the operating speed increases from 60 plants/min to 120 plants/min. Future research should prioritize multi-stage collaborative optimization design, in-depth investigation of machine-seedling-soil interaction mechanisms, innovation in intelligent perception and precise control strategies, and the development of modular, low-cost, and high-performance transplanting equipment. These efforts will drive vegetable mechanized transplanting technology toward greater intelligence, efficiency, and versatility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2759 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfur Supply Modulates Selenium Biofortification, Yield, and Nutritional Quality in Leafy Greens Grown in an Indoor Vertical Farm

by Aysenur Bayrak and Umit Baris Kutman

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121193 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is essential for human health, but its dietary intake remains insufficient in many regions, increasing interest in biofortification strategies. Indoor hydroponic systems offer a controlled and resource-efficient approach for producing Se-enriched leafy greens. Sulfur (S), an essential macronutrient for plants, affects [...] Read more.

Selenium (Se) is essential for human health, but its dietary intake remains insufficient in many regions, increasing interest in biofortification strategies. Indoor hydroponic systems offer a controlled and resource-efficient approach for producing Se-enriched leafy greens. Sulfur (S), an essential macronutrient for plants, affects Se uptake and metabolism due to their chemical similarity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Se supplementation (2 µM Na₂SeO₄) under two S levels (0.65 and 1.3 mM, supplied as MgSO₄) on Se accumulation, yield, and nutritional quality in lettuce, rocket, and basil grown in an indoor nutrient film technique (NFT) system. High S supply increased biomass in lettuce and basil by 16% and 25%, respectively, while rocket remained unaffected. The effect of Se on biomass depended on S status and species. Under low S conditions, Se increased lettuce biomass but reduced basil biomass, whereas no significant effects were observed under high S. Sulfur strongly reduced Se accumulation in all species, leading to lower contributions to the recommended daily allowance (RDA). Under low S conditions, Se-biofortified lettuce, rocket, and basil provided 111%, 179%, and 37% of the RDA per serving, respectively, whereas these values decreased to 56%, 64%, and 20% under high S. Sulfur and Se treatments also influenced macro- and micro-nutrient composition in a species-dependent manner. Se supplementation consistently reduced total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP) across all species. Total ascorbic acid was affected only in rocket, with the highest levels observed under high S without Se. These findings highlight a clear antagonistic interaction between S and Se in hydroponic systems and demonstrate the need to optimize S supply to balance yield and Se biofortification without compromising nutritional quality in leafy greens grown in indoor systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 10778 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Total Nitrogen Rate and Starter Nitrogen Proportion for Spring Maize Under Shallow-Buried Drip Irrigation Using a Sensitivity-Calibrated DNDC Model

by Yongqiang Wang, Jinfeng Liu, Lidong Han and Fugui Wang

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121192 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Optimizing nitrogen management is essential for maintaining high spring maize yield while mitigating nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in irrigated areas. However, the interactive effects of total nitrogen application rate and starter nitrogen proportion on yield and N₂O emissions remain [...] Read more.

Optimizing nitrogen management is essential for maintaining high spring maize yield while mitigating nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in irrigated areas. However, the interactive effects of total nitrogen application rate and starter nitrogen proportion on yield and N₂O emissions remain insufficiently quantified. Reliable assessment of these interactions requires well-calibrated DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) simulations, yet existing calibration studies often emphasize crop parameters while neglecting soil parameters critical for soil hydrothermal dynamics and N₂O production. In this study, field data from shallow-buried drip-irrigated spring maize in Tongliao during 2024–2025 were used to conduct Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) sensitivity analysis on 12 crop and 13 soil parameters of the DNDC model. Sensitive parameters were calibrated using the differential evolution algorithm, and 64 nitrogen management scenarios were simulated by combining eight total nitrogen application rates (100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 kg N ha⁻¹) with eight starter nitrogen proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% of the total nitrogen rate). The results showed that DNDC outputs were jointly controlled by crop and soil parameters, among which maximum yield, leaf carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, stem fraction, grain carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, thermal degree days for maturity, grain fraction, soil organic carbon (SOC) decrease rate below topsoil, soil clay content, soil porosity, wilting point and depth of top soil with uniform SOC content were dominant. Compared with the conventional crop-parameter calibration, the sensitivity-screened parameter set improved the simulation of both cumulative N₂O emissions and yield. Across the 64 scenarios, cumulative N₂O emissions ranged from 0.42 to 4.87 kg [N]/ha, while simulated maize yield ranged from 1597 to 6347 kg [C]/ha. N₂O emissions increased with total nitrogen rate, whereas yield increased initially and then reached a plateau. Increasing the starter nitrogen proportion did not substantially enhance yield but increased N₂O emission risk under high nitrogen rates. Overall, the scenario with 300 kg/ha and no nitrogen applied at sowing achieved a relatively high yield of 5519 kg [C]/ha while maintaining a low cumulative N₂O emission of 0.98 kg [N]/ha and was therefore identified as the preferred trade-off strategy under shallow-buried drip irrigation. This study provides an EFAST–DNDC framework for optimizing nitrogen management to sustain spring maize yield while reducing N₂O emissions in the West Liaohe Plain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Multi-Omics Insights into Drought Adaptation of Poacynum hendersonii Seedlings Under Different Water Deficit Regimes

by Yongqian Jia, Ya Ding, Qian Wu, Yuehua Yu, Zhiyi Cheng, Zhongwei Wang and Hao Ma

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121191 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

This study used Poacynum hendersonii (Hook. f.) Woods. seedlings as experimental material. A soil drought group (gradual soil drying) and a PEG-simulated drought group (15% PEG-6000 treatment) were established. By combining physiological measurements, metabolomics, and transcriptomics, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms [...] Read more.

This study used Poacynum hendersonii (Hook. f.) Woods. seedlings as experimental material. A soil drought group (gradual soil drying) and a PEG-simulated drought group (15% PEG-6000 treatment) were established. By combining physiological measurements, metabolomics, and transcriptomics, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of P. hendersonii in response to drought stress. The results showed that under drought stress, P. hendersonii alleviated oxidative damage by activating the antioxidant enzyme system (catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD), and enzyme activities recovered significantly after rehydration. In the osmotic stress group (PEG), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased significantly in the later stages, whereas membrane damage was milder in the soil drought group. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant enrichment of starch and sucrose metabolism pathways during early drought, shifting to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and carbon metabolism in later stages. PEG-simulated drought specifically induced the accumulation of arachidonic acid, which may be associated with ferroptosis-like processes, although direct evidence is lacking. Transcriptomics analysis identified 23,623 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with transcription factor families such as bHLH, MYB, and NAC playing key roles in drought response. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) further revealed gene modules significantly correlated with physiological traits, indicating that enhanced respiratory metabolism (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle) is an important strategy for P. hendersonii to adapt to drought. The study also found that while PEG-simulated drought could simulate the physiological effects of soil drought, significant differences existed in molecular pathways, particularly during later stress stages. This research provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the drought resistance mechanisms of P. hendersonii and offers potential targets for crop drought resistance breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1840 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Remediation of OCP-Contaminated Soils via Surfactant-Enhanced Washing, Selective Adsorption, and Bio-Stimulation

by Shengtian Zhang, Yuanchao Zhao, Xiang Wang, Tingting Fan, Qun Li, Jinzhong Wan and Yan Zhou

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121190 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Surfactant-enhanced soil washing is a promising strategy for the remediation of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) contaminated sites. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation framework integrating efficient parameter optimization, effluent recovery and ecological restoration assessment. Among the 14 evaluated washing agents, the non-ionic [...] Read more.

Surfactant-enhanced soil washing is a promising strategy for the remediation of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) contaminated sites. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation framework integrating efficient parameter optimization, effluent recovery and ecological restoration assessment. Among the 14 evaluated washing agents, the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 exhibited superior solubilization capacity for highly hydrophobic OCPs. Under an optimal dosage of 2.0%, Triton X-100 achieved near-complete extraction of γ-chlordane and over 75% removal of mirex in both moderately and severely contaminated soils. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) demonstrated exceptional selective adsorption performance, significantly outperforming activated carbon fiber (ACF). The optimal PAC dosages (20 g/L) could extract over 90% of OCPs from the soil washing effluents, facilitating potential washing agent recycling. Furthermore, community-level physiological profiling (BIOLOG-AWCD) revealed distinct ecological trajectories post-washing. While nitrogen and phosphorus (N/P) bio-stimulation successfully restored and even surpassed the microbial diversity in moderately contaminated soils, it only partially alleviated the ecological vulnerability in severely contaminated soils (Simpson index < 0.45). These findings underscore that while surfactant-enhanced soil washing combined with selective adsorption constitutes a powerful physicochemical remediation cycle, restoring heavily degraded microhabitats necessitates an integrated approach coupling bio-stimulation with phytoremediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Remediation Techniques for Degraded Land)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Olive Yield Prediction in the Mediterranean Basin: Bibliometric Evidence of Precision Agricultural Engineering Gaps and Innovation Priorities for Sustainable Agri-Food Systems

by Francesco Toscano, Paola D’Antonio, Lucas Santos Santana and Costanza Fiorentino

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121189 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

This bibliometric study maps olive (Olea europaea L.) yield prediction research as a coherent scientific domain for the first time. A Scopus query (27 February 2026) yielded 84 peer-reviewed articles (2002–2025), from which co-authorship network analysis, Bradford’s and Lotka’s Laws, Latent Dirichlet [...] Read more.

This bibliometric study maps olive (Olea europaea L.) yield prediction research as a coherent scientific domain for the first time. A Scopus query (27 February 2026) yielded 84 peer-reviewed articles (2002–2025), from which co-authorship network analysis, Bradford’s and Lotka’s Laws, Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling (LDA), and OLS regression on citation counts were applied. Publication output increased nearly fourfold across three periods: 1.7 articles yr⁻¹ (2002–2014), 4.4 yr⁻¹ (2015–2019), and 6.7 yr⁻¹ (2020–2025). The 84 articles involve 382 authors, 61 journals, and 1551 citations (H-index = 22). Network analysis reveals a concentrated Spanish–Italian co-authorship axis. OLS regression (adj. R² = 0.267) identifies article age and abstract length as the only significant citation predictors, consistent with cumulative exposure time and study scope as structural drivers. Term-frequency screening against 18 a priori concepts finds that transfer learning, federated learning, hyperspectral imaging, digital twins, and SHAP-based explainability are absent or marginal. The field is producing more papers than ever on a narrowing methodological base geographically concentrated in the Mediterranean basin. Priority gaps—explainable AI, multi-region datasets, sensor-fusion pipelines, and federated data infrastructure—align directly with European Farm to Fork and Horizon Europe objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 19782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resistance of Winter Triticale Cultivars as a Key Determinant of Their Agricultural Use

by Anna Tratwal, Karolina Madajska, Kamila Roik and Jan Bocianowski

Agronomy 2026, 16(12), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16121188 - 18 Jun 2026

Abstract

Triticale (×Triticosecale) is an important cereal crop in Poland, valued for its high yield potential and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses; however, fungal diseases remain a major constraint to production. This study aimed to assess the resistance and yield performance [...] Read more.

Triticale (×Triticosecale) is an important cereal crop in Poland, valued for its high yield potential and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses; however, fungal diseases remain a major constraint to production. This study aimed to assess the resistance and yield performance of selected winter triticale cultivars under varying levels of chemical crop protection across diverse environmental conditions. Field experiments were conducted during the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 growing seasons at 16 locations in Poland within the framework of Post-Registration Variety Testing (PRVT). Three cultivars (Medalion, Fanfaro, and SU Atletus) were evaluated under two agrotechnical levels differing in fertilization and protection intensity. Disease severity for powdery mildew, brown rust, and septoria leaf blotch was assessed using a 9-point scale, and yield data were analyzed using four-way ANOVA and multivariate methods. The results demonstrated significant effects of management intensity, cultivar, growing season, environment as well as interactions: management intensity × environment, cultivar × environment, growing season × environment, management intensity × growing season × environment and cultivar× growing season × environment were significant for all four traits of the study. Management intensity × cultivar as well as management intensity × cultivar × environment interactions were significant for powdery mildew, brown rust and septoria leaf blotch. Management intensity × growing season interaction was significant for powdery mildew and septoria leaf blotch. Management intensity × cultivar × growing season × environment interaction was significant for powdery mildew and brown rust. The cultivar × growing season interaction was significant only for brown rust and management intensity × cultivar × growing season interaction for septoria leaf blotch. Increased protection intensity generally reduced disease severity and improved yield. Medalion exhibited the highest yield stability, whereas SU Atletus achieved the highest yields under favorable conditions but with greater variability. Fanfaro showed intermediate performance. The findings highlight the importance of cultivar selection and management intensity in optimizing triticale production and support the role of PRVT in guiding agricultural practice under variable climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Disease Management in Modern Agriculture: Risks, Hybrid Strategies, and Emerging Solutions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Agronomy

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI