Fungal Diseases in Two North-West Spain Vineyards: Relationship with Meteorological Conditions and Predictive Aerobiological Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Climatic Characteristics of the Study Area
2.2. Fieldwork and Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Spore Concentrations and Spatial Distribution
3.2. Analysis of Meteorological Parameters
3.3. Statistical Results
3.4. Predictive Models
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationship with Phenological Stage and Meteorological Influence
4.2. Predictive Models
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ribeiro | Ribeira Sacra | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Annual Average Meteorological Data | Max T (°C) | 22.8 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 20.6 | 21.9 | 21.4 |
Min T (°C) | 7.3 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 7.3 | |
Mean T (°C) | 13.8 | 13.9 | 15.2 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 13.7 | |
Mean RH (%) | 78.4 | 75.8 | 75.9 | 80.9 | 76.9 | 78.6 | |
Sunshine (hours) | 5.3 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.4 | |
Wind-Speed (Km/h) | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.5 | |
Annual Total | Rainfall (L/m2) | 1211.8 | 814.5 | 775.2 | 940.4 | 616.2 | 660.5 |
Maximum | Daily rainfall (l/m2) | 49.0 | 100.8 | 39.4 | 42.8 | 77.5 | 25.7 |
Date | 10 Jan | 10 Dec | 28 Feb | 10 Jan | 10 Dec | 11 Mar |
Against | S0 | S1 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Botrytis | Cenlle 2016 | 1 | 2 | ||||
Cenlle 2017 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Cenlle 2018 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||
O Mato 2016 | |||||||
O Mato 2017 | |||||||
O Mato 2018 | |||||||
Mildew + Oidium | Cenlle 2016 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
Cenlle 2017 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
Cenlle 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
O Mato 2016 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||
O Mato 2017 | |||||||
O Mato 2018 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
Mildew | Cenlle 2016 | 1 | |||||
Cenlle 2017 | 2 | ||||||
Cenlle 2018 | 2 | 2 | |||||
O Mato 2016 | 2 | 2 | |||||
O Mato 2017 | |||||||
O Mato 2018 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Cenlle | Botrytis | Erysiphe | Plasmopara |
---|---|---|---|
Study Period | 19 September 2016 to 18 September 2016 | ||
SSIn | 16,806 | 17,269 | 1910 |
Daily Maximum | 637 | 399 | 104 |
Maximum Date | 22 June | 16 May | 8 June |
Study Period | 16 March 2017 to 30 August 2017 | ||
SSIn | 15,378 | 3344 | 679 |
Daily Maximum | 696 | 423 | 54 |
Maximum Date | 28 May 2017 | 26 May 2017 | 8 May 2017 |
Study Period | 29 March 2018 to 10 September 2018 | ||
SSIn | 24,214 | 3116 | 3605 |
Daily maximum | 1210 | 316 | 460 |
Maximum date | 7 July 2018 | 4 June 2018 | 7 July 2018 |
O Mato | |||
Study period | 24 March 2016 to 30 September 2016 | ||
SSIn | 27,656 | 12,946 | 3618 |
Daily Maximum | 1435 | 597 | 502 |
Maximum Date | 27 May 2016 | 3 June 2016 | 7 July 2016 |
Study Period | 04 March 2017 to 08 September 2017 | ||
SSIn | 17,240 | 1686 | 1363 |
Daily Maximum | 826 | 108 | 45 |
Maximum Date | 4 June 2017 | 19 June 2017 | 3 June 2017 |
Study Period | 07 April 2018 to 07 September 2018 | ||
SSIn | 49,620 | 5632 | 5656 |
Daily Maximum | 1547 | 197 | 345 |
Maximum date | 9 June 2018 | 29 May 2018 | 22 July 2018 |
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cenlle | Botrytis | Erysiphe | Plasmopara | Botrytis | Erysiphe | Plasmopara | Botrytis | Erysiphe | Plasmopara |
Rainfall | −0.167 * Botrytis | −0.365 * Erysiphe-7 | 0.355 * Plasmopara-2 | 0.401 ** Botrytis-4 | 0.196 * Erysiphe-7 | 0.172 * Plasmopara-4 | −0.190 * Botrytis-1 | N.S. | −0.255 ** Plasmopara |
RH | 0.382 * Botrytis-2 | −0.321 * Erysiphe-2 | 0.342 * Plamopara-2 | 0.507 ** Botrytis-4 | 0.248 ** Erysiphe-5 | N.S. | 0.263 ** Botrytis-5 | 0.203 ** Erysiphe−7 | N.S. |
T max | 0.288 ** Botrytis | 0.440 ** Erysiphe-2 | −0.335 * Plasmopara-2 | −0.228 ** Botrytis-4 | −0.180 * Erysiphe-7 | −0.300** Plasmopara-6 | 0.387 ** Botrytis | N.S. | 0.387 ** Plasmopara |
T min | 0.323 ** Botrytis | −0.674 * Erysiphe-2 | 0.346 * Plasmopara-2 | N.S. | N.S. | −0.411 ** Plasmopara-7 | 0.634 ** Botrytis-1 | 0.197 * Erysiphe | 0.489 ** Plasmopara |
T mean | 0.307 ** Botrytis | −0.666 ** Erysiphe-2 | N.S. | −0.188 * Botrytis-4 | −0.154 * Erysiphe-5 | −0.362 ** Plasmopara-6 | 0.556 ** Botrytis | N.S. | 0.480 ** Plasmopara |
O Mato | |||||||||
Rainfall | 0.365 ** Botrytis-5 | 0.394 ** Erysiphe-6 | 0.227 ** Plasmopara-6 | N.S. | −0.272 ** Erysiphe-2 | N.S. | 0.224 ** Botrytis-6 | 0.231 ** Erysiphe-7 | N.S. |
RH | 0.593 ** Botrytis-2 | 0.491** Erysiphe-6 | 0.377** Plamopara-2 | 0.224 ** Botrytis-3 | −0.354 ** Erysiphe-2 | 0.163 * Plasmopara-4 | 0.373 ** B otrytis-7 | 0.359 ** Erysiphe-6 | N.S. |
T max | −0.386 ** Botrytis-7 | −0.476 ** Erysiphe-7 | −0.309 ** Plasmopara-7 | N.S. | 0.483 ** Erysiphe | 0.186 * Plasmopara | N.S. | −0.297 ** Erysiphe-6 | N.S. |
T min | −0.153 * Botrytis-7 | −0.231 ** Erysiphe-6 | −0.177* Plasmopara-7 | 0.248 ** Botrytis | 0.509 ** Erysiphe | 0.209 ** Plasmopara | 0.331 ** Botrytis | N.S. | N.S. |
T mean | −0.367 ** Botrytis-7 | −0.439 ** Erysiphe-7 | −0.332 ** Plasmopara-7 | 0.224 ** Botrytis | 0.582 ** Erysiphe | 0.218 ** Plasmopara | 0.169 * Botrytis | −0.251 ** Erysiphe-6 | N.S. |
CENLLE | O MATO | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Principal Components | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
Self-value | 3.298 | 1.956 | 1.135 | 3.184 | 1.807 | 1.098 |
Variance (%) | 36.640 | 21.729 | 12.610 | 35.376 | 20.087 | 12.207 |
Accumulated percentage | 36.640 | 58.369 | 70.980 | 35.376 | 55.463 | 67.671 |
Botrytis | −0.003 | 0.227 | 0.846 | 0.196 | 0.414 | 0.624 |
Erysiphe | 0.012 | −0.001 | 0.504 | −0.065 | 0.011 | 0.723 |
Plasmopara | −0.008 | 0.076 | 0.809 | 0.088 | −0.109 | 0.650 |
Max T | −0.800 | 0.512 | 0.015 | 0.796 | −0.518 | −0.043 |
Min T | −0.158 | 0.826 | 0.232 | 0.848 | 0.047 | 0.137 |
Mean T | −0.643 | 0.719 | 0.135 | 0.901 | −0.381 | 0.047 |
RH | 0.937 | −0.037 | 0.149 | −0.185 | 0.881 | 0.186 |
Rainfall | 0.805 | 0.152 | −0.082 | −0.037 | 0.817 | −0.137 |
Wind speed | −0.132 | −0.697 | −0.018 | −0.612 | −0.075 | −0.024 |
Cenlle | Beta | B | Std. Error B | t | p < |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Botrytis | R = 0.843 | R2 = 0.710 | Adjusted R2 = 0.709 | ||
Intercepted | −197.800 | 42.778 | −4.624 | 0.000 | |
Botrytis-1 | 0.768 | 0.768 | 0.027 | 28.068 | 0.000 |
T mean | 0.124 | 3.650 | 0.888 | 4.111 | 0.000 |
RH-3 | 0.144 | 2.247 | 0.468 | 4.800 | 0.000 |
Erysiphe | R = 0.782 | R2 = 0.611 | Adjusted R2 = 0.610 | ||
Intercepted | 10.038 | 2.528 | 3.971 | 0.000 | |
Erysiphe-1 | 0.782 | 0.782 | 0.028 | 28.199 | 0.000 |
Plasmopara | R = 0.633 | R2 = 0.401 | Adjusted R2 = 0.399 | ||
Intercepted | 12.016 | 3.871 | 3.105 | 0.000 | |
Plasmopara-1 | 0.620 | 0.620 | 0.035 | 17.851 | 0.000 |
Wind Speed-1 | −0.071 | −3.278 | 1.609 | −2.037 | 0.042 |
O Mato | |||||
Botrytis | R = 0.722 | R2 = 0.596 | Adjusted R2 = 0.594 | ||
Intercepted | −136.199 | 63.573 | −2.142 | 0.033 | |
Botrytis-1 | 0.734 | 0.827 | 0.035 | 23.587 | 0.009 |
RH-3 | 0.082 | 2.361 | 0.895 | 2.637 | 0.000 |
Erysiphe | R = 0.760 | R2 = 0.578 | Adjusted R2 = 0.576 | ||
Intercepted | −54.391 | 17.578 | −3.094 | 0.002 | |
Erysiphe-1 | 0.737 | 0.737 | 0.029 | 25.346 | 0.000 |
RH-3 | 0.107 | 0.885 | 0.240 | 3.680 | 0.000 |
Plasmopara | R = 0.480 | R2 = 0.560 | Adjusted R2 = 0.558 | ||
Intercepted | −24.085 | 12.483 | −1.929 | 0.054 | |
Plasmopara-1 | 0.742 | 0.742 | 0.029 | 25.282 | 0.000 |
RH-1 | 0.070 | 0.402 | 0.170 | 2.370 | 0.018 |
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Cortiñas Rodríguez, J.A.; González-Fernández, E.; Fernández-González, M.; Vázquez-Ruiz, R.A.; Aira, M.J. Fungal Diseases in Two North-West Spain Vineyards: Relationship with Meteorological Conditions and Predictive Aerobiological Model. Agronomy 2020, 10, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020219
Cortiñas Rodríguez JA, González-Fernández E, Fernández-González M, Vázquez-Ruiz RA, Aira MJ. Fungal Diseases in Two North-West Spain Vineyards: Relationship with Meteorological Conditions and Predictive Aerobiological Model. Agronomy. 2020; 10(2):219. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020219
Chicago/Turabian StyleCortiñas Rodríguez, Jose A., Estefanía González-Fernández, María Fernández-González, Rosa A. Vázquez-Ruiz, and María Jesús Aira. 2020. "Fungal Diseases in Two North-West Spain Vineyards: Relationship with Meteorological Conditions and Predictive Aerobiological Model" Agronomy 10, no. 2: 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020219