Zinc Oxide and Silicone Nanoparticles to Improve the Resistance Mechanism and Annual Productivity of Salt-Stressed Mango Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment
2.2. Floral Malformation Assessment (%)
2.3. Leaf Area (cm2)
2.4. Leaf Analysis
2.5. Yield and Fruit Physiochemical Characteristics
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Leaf Area
3.2. Leaf NPK Content
3.3. Carbohydrates and Osmostimulants
3.4. Antioxidant Enzymes Activity
3.5. Floral Malformation
3.6. Yield and Fruit Quality
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Analysis | Water Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|
Texture | Sandy loam | Ca+2 (mg/L) | 41 |
Sand (Coarse + Fine) (%) | 63 | Mg+2 (mg/L) | 13 |
Silt | 8 | Na+ (mg/L) | 75 |
Clay | 29 | K+ (mg/L) | 18 |
Organic matter | 1.23 | Cl− (mg/L) | 147 |
N (mg/kg) | 41.67 | SO4−2 (mg/L) | 72.6 |
P (mg/kg) | 16.33 | HCO−3 (mg/L) | 3.2 |
K (mg/kg) | 524 | CO−3 (mg/L) | - |
Na (mg/kg) | 426 | Na adsorption ratio | 13 |
EC (dSm−1) | 3.67 | EC (dSm−1) | 0.96 |
pH | 8.1 | pH | 7.9 |
Treatment (T) | Leaf Area | ||
---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | ||
2017 | 2018 | ||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 39.8 | 38.5 | 39.15 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 45.5 | 46.3 | 45.9 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 36.7 | 38.6 | 37.65 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 48.3 | 49.7 | 49 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 52.7 | 54.7 | 53.7 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 49.3 | 51.8 | 50.55 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 59.6 | 60.5 | 60.05 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 63.4 | 65.8 | 64.6 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 52.3 | 53.7 | 53 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 60.1 | 61.6 | 60.85 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 61.2 | 62.7 | 61.95 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 43.3 | 45.6 | 44.45 |
Mean | 51.02 | 52.46 | |
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.62 | T = 1.534 | S × T = 2.16 |
Treatment (T) | Nitrogen (N) | Phosphorus (P) | Potassium (K) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.325 | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.1365 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 1.48 | 1.41 | 1.445 | 0.159 | 0.164 | 0.1615 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.84 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 1.44 | 1.37 | 1.405 | 0.146 | 0.148 | 0.147 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 1.52 | 1.58 | 1.55 | 0.173 | 0.189 | 0.181 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.875 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 1.67 | 1.62 | 1.645 | 0.182 | 0.197 | 0.1895 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.96 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 1.58 | 1.58 | 1.58 | 0.166 | 0.174 | 0.17 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.86 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 1.78 | 1.72 | 1.75 | 0.204 | 0.217 | 0.2105 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 1.025 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 1.92 | 1.97 | 1.945 | 0.247 | 0.268 | 0.2575 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.19 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 1.62 | 1.66 | 1.64 | 0.193 | 0.197 | 0.195 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.965 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 1.74 | 1.68 | 1.71 | 0.184 | 0.193 | 0.1885 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.945 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 1.81 | 1.86 | 1.835 | 0.226 | 0.232 | 0.229 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.04 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 1.59 | 1.62 | 1.605 | 0.177 | 0.185 | 0.181 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.895 |
Mean | 1.62 | 1.62 | 0.183 | 0.192 | 0.917 | 0.933 | |||
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.35 | T = 0.09 | S × T = 0.12 | S = 0.05 | T = 0.011 | S × T= 0.015 | S = 0.54 | T = 0.13 | S × T= 0.187 |
Treatment (T) | Total Carbohydrates | Total Sugars | Proline | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 39.6 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 39.8 | 40.2 | 40 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 39.1 | 39.3 | 39.2 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.75 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 40.4 | 41.2 | 40.8 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.55 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 43.2 | 45.8 | 44.5 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.25 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 42.7 | 43.5 | 43.1 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.35 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.05 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 44.4 | 45.1 | 44.75 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.35 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 6.6 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 46.6 | 47.2 | 46.9 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.65 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.35 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 43.8 | 45.1 | 44.45 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.65 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.25 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 42.8 | 41.3 | 42.05 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7 | 7.1 | 7.05 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 45.8 | 45.5 | 45.65 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.2 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 40.5 | 40.6 | 40.55 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 5.95 | 6 | 6.2 | 6.1 |
Mean | 42.39 | 42.87 | 7.22 | 7.43 | 6.32 | 6.42 | |||
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.86 | T = 2.1 | S × T = 2.9 | S = 0.48 | T = 1.18 | S × T = 1.7 | S = 0.46 | T = 1.14 | S × T = 1.6 |
Treatment (T) | SOD | POX | CAT | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 83.5 | 84.9 | 84.2 | 74.6 | 74.6 | 74.6 | 16.8 | 16.8 | 16.8 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 72.4 | 73.7 | 73.05 | 75.2 | 76.4 | 75.8 | 17.1 | 17.8 | 17.45 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 63.6 | 43.9 | 53.75 | 46.7 | 47.5 | 47.1 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 11.95 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 81.2 | 81.8 | 81.5 | 76.3 | 77.3 | 76.8 | 18.4 | 19.7 | 19.05 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 86.2 | 87.8 | 87 | 76.8 | 77.8 | 77.3 | 20.4 | 21.6 | 21 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 74.3 | 52.5 | 63.4 | 56.8 | 57.4 | 57.1 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 91.2 | 94.6 | 92.9 | 78.4 | 78.7 | 78.55 | 15.7 | 16.2 | 15.95 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 97.5 | 98.2 | 97.85 | 84.6 | 86.6 | 85.6 | 24.2 | 25.7 | 24.95 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 78.3 | 56.3 | 67.3 | 63.4 | 65.2 | 64.3 | 16.2 | 16.6 | 16.4 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 55.5 | 59.5 | 57.5 | 52.5 | 53.8 | 53.15 | 12.5 | 13.4 | 12.95 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 58.6 | 49.7 | 54.15 | 74.8 | 75.1 | 74.95 | 14.6 | 15.4 | 15 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 52.7 | 32.7 | 42.7 | 42.3 | 42.8 | 42.55 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 11.35 |
Mean | 74.58 | 67.97 | 66.87 | 67.77 | 16.21 | 16.93 | |||
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.8 | T = 1.95 | S × T = 2.7 | S = 0.48 | T = 1.17 | S × T = 1.66 | S = 0.48 | T = 1.19 | S × T = 1.7 |
Treatment (T) | Floral Malformation | Fruit Number/Tree | Fruit Weight/Tree | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 39.6 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 71 | 127 | 99 | 21.5 | 37.6 | 29.5 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 31.3 | 30 | 30.65 | 159 | 173 | 166 | 41.3 | 41.8 | 41.55 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 32.9 | 31.2 | 32.05 | 127 | 138 | 132.5 | 40.6 | 41.6 | 41.1 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 29.4 | 27.5 | 28.45 | 168 | 176 | 172 | 41.8 | 44.2 | 43 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 24.2 | 22.8 | 23.5 | 184 | 206 | 195 | 47.2 | 51.2 | 49.2 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 27.8 | 25.5 | 26.65 | 154 | 167 | 160.5 | 42.5 | 43.5 | 43 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 20.8 | 20.5 | 20.65 | 186 | 202 | 194 | 46.7 | 48.9 | 47.8 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 15.2 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 217 | 232 | 224.5 | 55.4 | 63.4 | 59.4 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 25.9 | 23.4 | 24.65 | 172 | 189 | 180.5 | 46.4 | 47.6 | 47 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 23.5 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 178 | 186 | 182 | 45.3 | 46.3 | 45.8 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 18.5 | 18 | 18.25 | 202 | 207 | 204.5 | 51.8 | 52.8 | 52.3 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 31.8 | 30.5 | 31.15 | 162 | 179 | 170.5 | 37.2 | 39.5 | 38.3 |
Mean | 26.74 | 25.41 | 165.00 | 181.83 | 43.14 | 46.53 | |||
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.4 | T = 1.02 | S × T = 1.44 | S = 5.4 | T = 13.4 | S × T = 18.9 | S = 0.75 | T = 1.84 | S × T = 2.6 |
Treatment (T) | Fruit Weight | Fruit Length | Fruit Width | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 246.4 | 247.4 | 246.9 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 6.75 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 269.4 | 283.1 | 276.25 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.2 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 261.5 | 271.5 | 266.5 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.75 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 7 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 287.5 | 286.8 | 287.15 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.35 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 318.7 | 316.4 | 317.55 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.85 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 279.4 | 256.5 | 267.95 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.25 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 285.7 | 299.7 | 292.7 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 10.55 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.7 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 336.6 | 348.6 | 342.6 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.2 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 244.6 | 267.4 | 256 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 10.55 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 7.25 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 288.5 | 298.7 | 293.6 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 10.35 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.05 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 308.3 | 304.5 | 306.4 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 10.65 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.7 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 239.3 | 231.7 | 235.5 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 |
Mean | 280.49 | 284.36 | 10.18 | 10.49 | 7.25 | 7.43 | |||
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.75 | T = 1.02 | S × T = 2.6 | S = 0.47 | T = 1.17 | S × T = 1.6 | S = 0.3 | T = 0.75 | S × T = 1.06 |
Treatment (T) | TSS | Total Acidity | Total Sugars | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | Season (S) | Mean | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
0 nZnO + 0 nSi | 21.7 | 21.9 | 21.8 | 1.42 | 1.42 | 1.42 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 14.6 |
0 nZnO + 150 nSi | 24.6 | 25.3 | 24.95 | 1.29 | 1.26 | 1.275 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 15.65 |
0 nZnO + 300 nSi | 24.3 | 24.7 | 24.5 | 1.37 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 15 | 15.3 | 15.15 |
50 nZnO + 0 nSi | 24.8 | 25.1 | 24.95 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.275 | 15.8 | 16.4 | 16.1 |
50 nZnO + 150 nSi | 25.6 | 25.8 | 25.7 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.155 | 17.1 | 17.7 | 17.4 |
50 nZnO + 300 nSi | 22.6 | 23.2 | 22.9 | 1.48 | 1.38 | 1.43 | 16.2 | 16.8 | 16.5 |
100 nZnO + 0 nSi | 25.8 | 25.9 | 25.85 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.215 | 17.2 | 17.7 | 17.45 |
100 nZnO + 150 nSi | 26.2 | 26.7 | 26.45 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 17.4 | 17.6 | 17.5 |
100 nZnO + 300 nSi | 22.2 | 22.7 | 22.45 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 15.9 |
150 nZnO + 0 nSi | 23.1 | 24.4 | 23.75 | 1.26 | 1.29 | 1.275 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 16.5 |
150 nZnO + 150 nSi | 23.3 | 23.7 | 23.5 | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.265 | 16.3 | 16.8 | 16.55 |
150 nZnO + 300 nSi | 22.1 | 23.4 | 22.75 | 1.38 | 1.33 | 1.355 | 14.9 | 15.7 | 15.3 |
Mean | 32.86 | 24.40 | 1.31 | 1.29 | 15.98 | 16.45 | |||
LSD (P ≤ 0.05) | S = 0.042 | T = 1.04 | S × T= 1.47 | S = 0.047 | T = 0.17 | S × T= 1.6 | S = 0.42 | T = 1.05 | S × T= 1.48 |
Season | 2014/2015 | 2015/2016 | 2016/2017 | 2017/2018 | 2018/2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yield (kg/tree) | 19.9 | 35.5 | 21.5 | 39.5 | 19.6 |
Alternate bearing | Off | On | Off | On | Off |
Temperature (°C) | 21.2 | 22 | 21.3 | 22.2 | 22.6 |
Humidity (%) | 67.5 | 67.7 | 67.5 | 65.8 | 64.3 |
Cloud (%) | 13.7 | 16.2 | 14.2 | 16.8 | 18.1 |
Rainfall (mm/month) | 6.9 | 11.1 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 17.4 |
Rainfall (days/month) | 4.7 | 6.5 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 7.6 |
Wind speed (km/h) | 15.5 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 15.1 |
Gust speed (km/h) | 22.2 | 22.9 | 22.0 | 22.9 | 23.2 |
Sun (hours/month) | 296.8 | 295.9 | 298.9 | 291.9 | 284.9 |
Sun (days/month) | 24.3 | 23.4 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 22.8 |
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Elsheery, N.I.; Helaly, M.N.; El-Hoseiny, H.M.; Alam-Eldein, S.M. Zinc Oxide and Silicone Nanoparticles to Improve the Resistance Mechanism and Annual Productivity of Salt-Stressed Mango Trees. Agronomy 2020, 10, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040558
Elsheery NI, Helaly MN, El-Hoseiny HM, Alam-Eldein SM. Zinc Oxide and Silicone Nanoparticles to Improve the Resistance Mechanism and Annual Productivity of Salt-Stressed Mango Trees. Agronomy. 2020; 10(4):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040558
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsheery, Nabil I., Mohamed N. Helaly, Hanan M. El-Hoseiny, and Shamel M. Alam-Eldein. 2020. "Zinc Oxide and Silicone Nanoparticles to Improve the Resistance Mechanism and Annual Productivity of Salt-Stressed Mango Trees" Agronomy 10, no. 4: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040558