Banana Biomass Estimation and Yield Forecasting from Non-Destructive Measurements for Two Contrasting Cultivars and Water Regimes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Plant Data Collection
2.3. Moisture Effect on Plant Growth
2.4. Allometric Regression
2.4.1. Non-Destructive Vegetative Biomass Estimation
2.4.2. Bunch Fresh Weight Forecast
2.4.3. Regression Approach
3. Results
3.1. Moisture Effect on Phenology, Vegetative Growth, and Bunch Parameters
3.1.1. Difference in Moisture
3.1.2. Effect on Phenology
3.1.3. Effect on Vegetative Growth
3.1.4. Effect on Bunch Growth
3.1.5. Effect on Growth Rates
3.2. Aboveground Vegetative Dry Matter Estimation
3.3. Corm Dry Matter Estimation
3.4. Bunch Weight Forecast
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Moisture on Vegetative and Bunch Growth
4.2. ABGVD Estimation from Non-Destructive Observations
4.3. CormD Estimation from Non-Destructive Observations
4.4. Bunch Yield Forecast
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
C1, C2, and C3 | Cycle 1, 2, and 3 |
EAHB | East African Highland Banana |
FI | Full irrigation |
GN | Cavendish–Grande Naine |
HG | Mchare-Huti Green Bell |
IITA | International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |
NM-AIST | Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology |
RF | Rainfed |
RFH | Ratio of moisture received to ET0 between flowering and harvest |
RPF | Ratio of moisture received to ET0 between planting and flowering |
RPH | Ratio of moisture received to ET0 between planting and harvest |
WLS | Weighted least squares regression |
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Parameter | Explanation |
---|---|
Non-Destructive | |
Phenology | |
Days to flowering, DTF (days) | From planting/selection to flowering |
Days to harvest, DTH (days) | From planting/selection to harvest |
Flower cycle duration, FCD (days) | Days from flowering C1 to flowering C2 |
Harvest cycle duration, HCD (days) | Days from harvest C1 to flowering C2 |
Vegetative growth data, periodic | |
Height of pseudostem, H (cm) | Measured until petiole divergence on the top |
Girth of pseudostem at base, Gbase (cm); Girth of pseudostem at mid, Gmid (cm) | Measured at base; measured at middle |
Radius of pseudostem at base, Rbase (cm); Radius of pseudostem at top, Rup (cm) | Measured at base; measured at petiole divergence |
Functional leaves, functL (no.) | Leaves with less than 3/4 necrotic area |
Dead leaves, deadL (no.) | Leaves with more than 3/4 necrotic area |
Leaf length of third functional leaf, LL3 (cm) | Leaf length of third leaf along midrib |
Leaf width of third functional leaf, LW3 (cm) | Leaf length of third leaf perpendicular to midrib |
Pseudostem volume, Vpseudo (L) | |
Pseudostem growth rate, Vrate (L day−1) | |
Leaf area of ith leaf, LAleaf,i (m2) | (laf from [25]) |
Leaf area of plant, LAplant (m2) | (from ith to nth leaf) |
Leaf area index, LAI (m2m−2) | |
Bunch growth data | |
Bunch maturity grade, Grade (1–5) | Bunch maturity grade as specified in [33] |
Number of hands on bunch, Nhand (no.) | Counted hands on a bunch |
Number of fingers on bunch, Nfinger (no.) | Counted fingers on a bunch |
Finger length, Lfinger (cm); Finger radius, rfinger (cm) | Average length/radius of individual finger |
Volume of a finger, Vfinger (cm3) | |
Ratio rfinger to Lfinger, Ratiofinger (-) | |
Destructive data | |
Leaf dry weight, leafD (kg plant−1); petiole dry weight, petioleD (kg plant−1); pseudostem dry weight, pseudostemD (kg plant−1) | Calculated from fresh weight and dry matter % |
Aboveground vegetative dry weight, ABGVD (kg plant−1) | Sum of leafD, petioleD and pseudostemD |
Corm dry weight, cormD (kg plant−1) | Calculated from fresh weight and dry matter % |
Bunch fresh weight, bunchF (kg plant−1) | Measured bunch weight of plants in the field |
Bunch growth rate, Brate (kg day−1) | |
Individual finger weight, fingerF (g plant−1) | Average weight of individual finger on second hand |
Huti Green Bell | Grande Naine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | C2 | C1 | C2 | |||||
FI | RF | FI | RF | FI | RF | FI | RF | |
Moisture and ET0 Ratios | ||||||||
RPF (-) | 0.743(±0.0343) TC | 0.638(±0.0404) TC | 1.29 (±0.0408) TC | 0.807(±0.0791) TC | 1.44 (±0.0213) TC | 1.26 (±0.0448) TC | 1.33 (±0.0334) TC | 0.687(±0.0373) TC |
RFH (-) | 2.17 (±0.210) TC | 1.47 (±0.182) TC | 0.920 (±0.107) TC | 0.333 (±0.194) TC | 1.08 (±0.106) TC | 0.329 (±0.0239) TC | 1.54 (±0.154) TC | 0.950 (±0.222) TC |
RPH (-) | 1.19 (±0.0172) T | 0.902(±0.0372) TC | 1.17 (±0.0396) T | 0.661(±0.0436) TC | 1.30 (± 0.0404) TC | 0.873 (±0.0323) TC | 1.38 (±0.0211) TC | 0.742(±0.0247) TC |
Growth Data | ||||||||
Height † (cm) | 304.5 (±18.1) TC | 272.6 (±14.4) TC | 476.3 (±22.6) TC | 451.4 (±22.5) TC | 264.1 (±12.1) C | 265.1 (±18.0) C | 277.6 (±19.1) TC | 234.2 (±20.3) TC |
Gbase † (cm) | 77.3 (±3.57) TC | 66.7 (±3.46) TC | 100.9 (±5.05) TC | 97.0 (±6.09) TC | 91.7 (±4.43) C | 93.2 (±6.07) C | 82.3 (±5.36) TC | 72.5 (±5.06) TC |
Height ‡ (cm) | 305.3 (±20.8) TC | 272.0 (±23.3) TC | 457.5 (±39.1) TC | 424.2 (±32.7) TC | 258.5 (±18.2) C | 255.4 (±17.2) C | 277.6 (±28.7) TC | 236.7 (±37.3) TC |
Gbase ‡ (cm) | 68.0 (±5.42) TC | 55.7 (±5.56) TC | 87.0 (±11.6) TC | 75.2 (±12.9) TC | 82.0 (±7.25) C | 78.4 (±8.21) C | 82.5 (±7.42) TC | 72.4 (±7.16) TC |
ABGVD ‡ (kg plant−1) | 3.49 (±0.374) TC | 2.41 (±0.46) TC | 7.49 (±1.43) TC | 5.18 (±0.897) TC | 4.65 (±0.884) TC | 4.04 (±0.845) T | 6.16 (±1.78) TC | 3.73 (±1.22) T |
BunchF ‡ (kg plant−1) | 25.4 (±3.87) TC | 19.6 (±3.96) T | 40.8 (±8.02) TC | 24.4 (±0.636) T | 49.6 (±7.61) T | 33.2 (±9.1) T | 52.4 (±15.2) T | 33.3 (±9.9) T |
Nhand ‡ (no.) | 9.69 (±0.535) TC | 8.94 (±0.583) TC | 11 (±1.49) C | 10.8 (±2.5) C | 10.8 (±1.01) | 10.5 (±0.987) | 11 (±1.56) T | 10.2 (±1.67) T |
Nfinger ‡ (no.) | 151 (±12.0) TC | 128 (±13.7) TC | 195 (±50.1) TC | 163 (±42.3) TC | 202 (±21.5) | 202 (±18.3) C | 204 (±57.7) T | 174 (±43.3) TC |
fingerF ‡ (g finger−1) | 180 (±27.7) TC | 160 (±30.7) T | 227 (±41.3) TC | 139 (±50.5) T | 253 (±3.53) TC | 166 (±4.75) TC | 222 (±5.84)TC | 149 (±4.63) TC |
Vfinger ‡ (cm3) | 354 (±54.7) TC | 325 (±76.8) TC | 434 (±91.6) TC | 305 (±116.00) TC | 417 (± 48.90) TC | 280 (±74.9) TC | 467 (±67.3) TC | 359 (±81.9) TC |
Ratiofinger ‡ (-) | 0.073 (±0.004) TC | 0.078 (±0.01) TC | 0.068 (±0.005) C | 0.072 (±0.007) C | 0.078 (±0.015) T | 0.081 (±0.005) T | 0.078 (±0.005) T | 0.082 (±0.007) T |
Phenology | ||||||||
DTF (days) | 293 (±14.8) TC | 297 (±17.8) TC | 405 (±87.1) C | 406 (±57.6) C | 264 (±32) TC | 258 (±31) TC | 447 (±81)TC | 487 (±80)TC |
DTH (days) | 474 (±6.03) TC | 511 (±103) TC | 546 (±113) TC | 662 (±164) TC | 420 (±31.2) C | 410 (±31.8) C | 612 (±54)TC | 636 (±56)TC |
Growth Rates | ||||||||
Vrate (L day−1) | 0.203(±0.0331) TC | 0.156(±0.0251) TC | 0.398(±0.0874) TC | 0.297(±0.0698) TC | 0.308(±0.0418) TC | 0.320(±0.0520) TC | 0.183(±0.0491) TC | 0.111(±0.0307) TC |
Brate (kg day−1) | 0.144(±0.0271) T | 0.103(±0.0201) T | 0.266 (±0.0856) TC | 0.167 (±0.141) | 0.333 (±0.0419) TC | 0.193(±0.0460) TC | 0.315(±0.0462)TC | 0.205 (±0.0369) TC |
Huti Green Bell | Grande Naine | |||||||
Cycle Duration (C1 to C2) | ||||||||
HG-FI | HG-RF | GN-FI | GN-RF | |||||
FCD (C2-C1) (days) | 243 (±82.8) C | 237 (±55.2) C | 307 (±69) TC | 360 (±78) TC | ||||
HCD (C2-C1) (days) | 222 (126) TC | 282 (53.7) TC | 315 (±43.1) TC | 332 (±59.0) TC |
Model Coefficients | Goodness of Fit Characteristics | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vrate Models | ||||||||||||||||
Data | Cultivar | Cycle | Parameters | Intercept (a) | 95%CI | Coefficient (b) | 95%CI | Coefficient (c) | 95%CI | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RMSE | RRMSE | p-Value |
P | Huti Green | Both | RPF | −0.06 | (−0.11; −0.01) | 0.36 | (0.28; 0.43) | 66 | 2 | 0.59 | −238.86 | 0.041 | 0.20 | 3.09 × 10−14 | ||
S | C1 | RPF | ns | 0.26 | (0.25; 0.27) | 54 | 1 | 0.97 | −220.75 | 0.031 | 0.17 | 2.57 × 10−43 | ||||
S | C2 | RPF | ns | 0.30 | (0.27; 0.34) | 12 | 1 | 0.97 | −27.72 | 0.065 | 0.19 | 1.41 × 10−9 | ||||
P | Grande Naine | Both | RPF | −0.04 | (−0.07; −0.01) | 0.22 | (0.19; 0.25) | 99 | 2 | 0.65 | −273.66 | 0.067 | 0.31 | 4.88 × 10−24 | ||
S | C1 | RPF | 0.41 | (0.19; 0.64) | ns | 40 | 2 | −0.00 | −129.28 | 0.045 | 0.14 | 3.65 × 10−1 | ||||
S | C2 | RPF | 0.03 | (0; 0.06) | 0.11 | (0.08; 0.14) | 59 | 2 | 0.49 | −219.96 | 0.038 | 0.26 | 4.45 × 10−10 | |||
Brate Models | ||||||||||||||||
Cultivar | Cycle | Parameters | Intercept (a) | 95%CI | Coefficient (b) | 95%CI | Coefficient (c) | 95%CI | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RMSE | RRMSE | p-Value | |
P | Huti Green | Both | Vrate, RFH | ns | 0.73 | (0.70; 0.77) | ns | 65 | 1 | 0.96 | −233.43 | 0.053 | 0.38 | 4.34 × 10−48 | ||
S | C1 | Vrate, RFH | ns | 0.53 | (0.37; 0.69) | 0.01 | (0; 0.03] | 54 | 2 | 0.97 | −264.12 | 0.020 | 0.16 | 2.91 × 10−42 | ||
S | C2 | Vrate, RFH | ns | 0.58 | (0.39; 0.77) | ns | 11 | 1 | 0.80 | −13.63 | 0.120 | 0.60 | 4.91 × 10−05 | |||
P | Grande Naine | Both | Vrate, RFH | ns | 0.56 | (0.50; 0.65) | 0.14 | (0.12; 0.15) | 99 | 2 | 0.98 | −340.63 | 0.043 | 0.17 | 2.32 × 10−85 | |
S | C1 | Vrate, RFH | ns | 0.42 | (0.34; 0.50) | 0.19 | (0.16; 0.22) | 40 | 2 | 0.98 | −139.73 | 0.004 | 0.14 | 3.92 × 10−33 | ||
S | C2 | Vrate, RFH | 0.05 | (0.02; 0.09) | 0.91 | (0.76; 1.06) | 0.06 | (0.03; 0.08) | 59 | 3 | 0.78 | −232.16 | 0.323 | 0.13 | 9.58 × 10−20 |
Huti Green Bell | Grande Naine | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABGVD | |||||||||||||
Model | Parameters | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RRMSE | p-Value | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RRMSE | p-Value |
Lm.1 x | Vpseudo | 91 | 2 | 0.92 | 221.22 | 0.14 | 5.62 × 10−52 | 221 | 2 | 0.88 | 480.4 | 0.14 | 7.30 × 10−102 |
Lm.2 | LAI | 88 | 2 | 0.79 | 297.89 | 0.22 | 5.16 × 10−31 | 214 | 2 | 0.92 | 573.2 | 0.19 | 1.20 × 10−116 |
Lm.3 | Vpseudo, LAI | 88 | 3 | 0.93 | 192.41 | 0.13 | 1.70 × 10−51 | 213 | 3 | 0.93 | 379.0 | 0.11 | 1.30 × 10−124 |
Lm.4 | Nfinger, Nhand | 62 | 3 | 0.68 | 209.93 | 0.22 | 1.32 × 10−15 | 138 | 3 | 0.19 | 475.5 | 0.27 | 3.13 × 10−7 |
Lm.5 | Vpseudo, Nfinger, Nhand | 62 | 3 | 0.99 | 111.47 | 0.12 | 1.16 × 10−60 | 138 | 3 | 0.99 | 308.1 | 0.14 | 4.81 × 10−124 |
Lm.6 | Vfinger, Ratiofinger | 58 | 3 | 0.29 | 236.14 | 0.31 | 2.81 × 10−5 | 144 | 3 | 0.07 | 521.2 | 0.29 | 3.22 × 10−3 |
Lm.7 | Vpseudo, Ratiofinger, Nfinger, Nhand | 56 | 4 | 0.90 | 116.74 | 0.12 | 3.59 × 10−27 | 137 | 4 | 0.90 | 116.7 | 0.17 | 3.59 × 10−27 |
CormD | |||||||||||||
Model | Parameters | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RRMSE | p-Value | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RRMSE | p-Value |
Lm.1 x | Vpseudo | 21 | 2 | 0.94 | 72.73 | 0.24 | 1.80 × 10−13 | 36 | 2 | 0.54 | 210.38 | 0.33 | 2.19 × 10−7 |
Lm.2 | LAI | 14 | 2 | 0.71 | 83.14 | 0.75 | 9.95 × 10−5 | 35 | 2 | 0.36 | 214.67 | 0.39 | 7.35 × 10−5 |
Lm.3 | Vpseudo, LAI | 14 | 3 | 0.97 | 59.62 | 0.22 | 2.20 × 10−9 | 34 | 3 | 0.53 | 199.99 | 0.34 | 2.87 × 10−6 |
BunchF | |||||||||||||
Model | Parameters | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RRMSE | p-Value | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RRMSE | p-Value |
Lm.1 x | Vpseudo,Flower | 40 | 2 | 0.70 | 228.08 | 0.12 | 1.42 × 10−11 | 54 | 2 | 0.43 | 372.01 | 0.15 | 4.50 × 10−8 |
Lm.2 | LAIFlower | 41 | 2 | 0.62 | 258.56 | 0.17 | 6.17 × 10−10 | 54 | 2 | 0.22 | 383.2 | 0.17 | 1.96 × 10−4 |
Lm.3 | DTF | 41 | 2 | 0.32 | 268.02 | 0.22 | 7.71 × 10−5 | 55 | 2 | −0.01 | 406.85 | 0.20 | 4.83 × 10−1 |
Lm.4 | Vpseudo,Flower, DTF | 40 | 3 | 0.69 | 229.76 | 0.12 | 1.20 × 10−10 | 54 | 3 | 0.42 | 373.99 | 0.15 | 3.48 × 10−7 |
Lm.5 | Vpseudo,Flower, DTF, LAIFlower | 38 | 4 | 0.60 | 220.54 | 0.13 | 1.93 × 10−7 | 54 | 4 | 0.57 | 360.48 | 0.13 | 5.90 × 10−10 |
Lm.6 | Vpseudo,flowerS | 38 | 2 | −0.01 | 257.52 | 0.25 | 4.97 × 10−1 | 52 | 2 | −0.02 | 381.38 | 0.20 | 6.66 × 10−1 |
Lm.7 | Vpseudo,flower,Vpseudo,flowerS | 38 | 3 | 0.63 | 218.83 | 0.14 | 1.24 × 10−8 | 52 | 3 | 0.48 | 361.57 | 0.14 | 4.22 × 10−8 |
Lm.8 | Vpseudo,Flower, DTF, Nfinger, Nhand | 35 | 5 | 0.64 | 204.24 | 0.12 | 3.31 × 10−7 | 37 | 5 | 0.65 | 248.92 | 0.13 | 8.38 × 10−8 |
Lm.9 | Vpseudo,Flower, Vfinger | 36 | 3 | 0.80 | 191.12 | 0.11 | 1.05 × 10−12 | 40 | 3 | 0.56 | 277.63 | 0.14 | 8.44 × 10−8 |
Lm.10 | Vpseudo,Flower, Vfinger, Ratiofinger | 36 | 4 | 0.80 | 192.48 | 0.11 | 6.59 × 10−12 | 40 | 4 | 0.60 | 276.25 | 0.14 | 7.81 × 10−8 |
Lm.11 | Vpseudo,Flower, DTF, Nfinger, Nhand, Vfinger | 34 | 6 | 0.81 | 183.17 | 0.10 | 3.92 × 10−10 | 37 | 6 | 0.78 | 234.28 | 0.10 | 1.88 × 10−10 |
Model Coefficients | Goodness of Fit Characteristics | Chosen Model | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABGVD Models | |||||||||||||||
Data | Cultivar | Treatment | Parameters | Intercept (a) | 95%CI | Coefficient (b) | 95%CI | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RMSE | RRMSE | p-Value | |
P | Both | Both | Vpseudo | 0.33 | (0.24; 0.43) | 6.02 × 10−2 | (0.06; 0.06) | 700 | 2 | 0.90 | 1571.50 | 0.78 | 0.18 | 1.18 × 10−203 | x |
P | Huti Green | Both | Vpseudo | 0.54 | (0.38; 0.71) | 5.56 × 10−2 | (0.05; 0.06) | 187 | 2 | 0.92 | 407.46 | 0.77 | 0.16 | 1.80 × 10−105 | |
S | FI | Vpseudo | 0.75 | (0.47; 1.04) | 5.54 × 10−2 | (0.05; 0.06) | 89 | 2 | 0.93 | 205.82 | 0.77 | 0.14 | 1.32 × 10−53 | ||
S | RF | Vpseudo | 0.43 | (0.25; 0.6) | 5.51 × 10−2 | (0.05; 0.06) | 98 | 2 | 0.92 | 193.43 | 0.72 | 0.17 | 1.54 × 10−53 | ||
P | Grande Naine | Both | Vpseudo | 0.22 | (0.11; 0.34) | 6.27 × 10−2 | (0.06; 0.06) | 513 | 2 | 0.89 | 1149.31 | 0.76 | 0.18 | 1.17 × 10−245 | |
S | FI | Vpseudo | 0.26 | (0.06; 0.47) | 6.34 × 10−2 | (0.06; 0.07) | 266 | 2 | 0.89 | 656.39 | 0.82 | 0.17 | 2.28 × 10−126 | ||
S | RF | Vpseudo | 0.32 | (0.18; 0.45) | 5.91 × 10−2 | (0.06; 0.06) | 247 | 2 | 0.88 | 468.21 | 0.66 | 0.19 | 7.13 × 10−113 | ||
CormD Models | |||||||||||||||
Data | Cultivar | Treatment | Parameters | Intercept (a) | 95%CI | Coefficient (b) | 95%CI | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RMSE | RRMSE | p-Value | |
P | Both | Both | Vpseudo | 0.39 | (0.29; 0.49) | 1.74 × 10−2 | (0.02; 0.02) | 180 | 2 | 0.64 | 271.47 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 2.46 × 10−41 | |
P | Huti Green | Both | Vpseudo | 0.16 | (0.1; 0.23) | 1.94 × 10−2 | (0.02; 0.02) | 45 | 2 | 0.89 | 6.50 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 7.89 × 10−23 | x |
S | FI | Vpseudo | 0.13 | (0.05; 0.22) | 2.24 × 10−2 | (0.02; 0.03) | 23 | 2 | 0.92 | −2.59 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 4.00 × 10−13 | ||
S | RF | Vpseudo | 0.26 | (0.18; 0.34) | 1.67 × 10−2 | (0.01; 0.02) | 22 | 2 | 0.90 | 9.25 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 1.44 × 10−11 | ||
P | Grande Naine | Both | Vpseudo | 0.51 | (0.37; 0.65) | 1.57 × 10−2 | (0.01; 0.02) | 135 | 2 | 0.50 | 224.77 | 0.55 | 0.43 | 6.00 × 10−22 | x |
S | FI | Vpseudo | 0.62 | (0.37; 0.86) | 1.62 × 10−2 | (0.01; 0.02) | 69 | 2 | 0.57 | 140.02 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 4.62 × 10−14 | ||
S | RF | Vpseudo | 0.56 | (0.39; 0.72) | 1.08 × 10−2 | (0.01; 0.01) | 66 | 2 | 0.34 | 61.48 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 1.53 × 10−7 | ||
BunchF Models | |||||||||||||||
Data | Cultivar | Treatment | Parameters | Intercept (a) | 95%CI | Coefficient (b) | 95%CI | n | df | R2adj | AIC | RMSE | RRMSE | p-Value | |
P | Both | Both | Vpseudo,flower | −0.42 | (−4.84; 4) | 5.21 × 10−1 | (0.45; 0.6) | 167 | 2 | 0.53 | 1235.75 | 13.27 | 0.35 | 7.27 × 10−29 | |
P | Huti Green | Both | Vpseudo,flower | 11.69 | (9.17; 14.22) | 1.99 × 10−1 | (0.16; 0.24) | 68 | 2 | 0.57 | 389.73 | 4.34 | 0.17 | 5.30 × 10−14 | |
S | FI | Vpseudo,flower | 15.20 | (11.88; 18.52) | 1.73 × 10−1 | (0.13; 0.22) | 38 | 2 | 0.60 | 217.29 | 4.06 | 0.13 | 7.55 × 10−9 | x | |
S | RF | Vpseudo,flower | 13.29 | (10.36; 16.23) | 1.30 × 10−1 | (0.08; 0.18) | 30 | 2 | 0.47 | 158.86 | 3.09 | 0.15 | 1.92 × 10−5 | x | |
P | Grande Naine | Both | Vpseudo,flower | −0.17 | (−6.97; 6.62) | 5.91 × 10−1 | (0.49; 0.69) | 99 | 2 | 0.56 | 726.68 | 9.79 | 0.23 | 2.02 × 10−19 | |
S | FI | Vpseudo,flower | −7.28 | (−17.3; 2.74) | 7.37 × 10−1 | (0.6; 0.87) | 54 | 2 | 0.69 | 363.80 | 6.89 | 0.14 | 3.54 × 10−15 | x | |
S | RF | Vpseudo,flower | 20.12 | (10.39; 29.85) | 5.21 × 10−1 | (0.04; 0.34) | 45 | 2 | 0.11 | 315.94 | 7.57 | 0.23 | 7.27 × 10−29 | x |
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Stevens, B.; Diels, J.; Brown, A.; Bayo, S.; Ndakidemi, P.A.; Swennen, R. Banana Biomass Estimation and Yield Forecasting from Non-Destructive Measurements for Two Contrasting Cultivars and Water Regimes. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091435
Stevens B, Diels J, Brown A, Bayo S, Ndakidemi PA, Swennen R. Banana Biomass Estimation and Yield Forecasting from Non-Destructive Measurements for Two Contrasting Cultivars and Water Regimes. Agronomy. 2020; 10(9):1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091435
Chicago/Turabian StyleStevens, Bert, Jan Diels, Allan Brown, Stanley Bayo, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, and Rony Swennen. 2020. "Banana Biomass Estimation and Yield Forecasting from Non-Destructive Measurements for Two Contrasting Cultivars and Water Regimes" Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091435