Soil Nitrogen in Response to Interseeded Cover Crops in Maize–Soybean Production Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Experimental and Treatment Designs
2.3. Seeding, Plot Management, and Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil NH4+-N and NO3−-N Content
3.2. Nitrogen and Carbon Accumulation in Cover-Crop Biomass
3.3. Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N) in Cover-Crop Biomass
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil NH4+-N and NO3−-N
4.2. Nitrogen and Carbon Accumulation in the Biomass
4.3. Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N) in Cover-Crop Biomass
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
C | carbon |
AUT | autumn |
N | nitrogen |
PC | pennycress |
RSH | relayed soybean harvesting time |
SPR | spring |
WC | winter camelina |
WR | winter rye |
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Month | Ames | Morris | Prosper | Rosemount | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | LTA | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | LTA | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | LTA | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | LTA | |
Precipitation (mm) | ||||||||||||||||
January | 15 | 47 | 33 | 17 | 7 | 13 | 4 | 19 | NA | NA | NA | - | 20 | 52 | 25 | 26 |
February | 17 | 30 | 29 | 22 | 22 | 11 | 21 | 18 | NA | NA | NA | - | 14 | 16 | 28 | 23 |
March | 38 | 79 | 63 | 50 | 21 | 12 | 20 | 35 | NA | NA | NA | - | 54 | 16 | 23 | 58 |
April | 104 | 78 | 32 | 100 | 52 | 65 | 24 | 61 | 43 | 17 | 4 | 26 | 56 | 116 | 50 | 74 |
May | 109 | 156 | 101 | 124 | 43 | 92 | 26 | 77 | 82 | 17 | 54 | 72 | 69 | 182 | 109 | 103 |
June | 25 | 44 | 282 | 122 | 54 | 101 | 138 | 108 | 38 | 88 | 79 | 98 | 81 | 91 | 154 | 120 |
July | 149 | 25 | 107 | 117 | 184 | 23 | 143 | 96 | 88 | 50 | 65 | 76 | 121 | 139 | 111 | 114 |
August | 209 | 85 | 214 | 122 | 94 | 175 | 97 | 83 | 26 | 53 | 79 | 54 | 178 | 129 | 99 | 120 |
September | 201 | 46 | 171 | 83 | 43 | 105 | 50 | 71 | 60 | 152 | 71 | 69 | 133 | 42 | 157 | 92 |
October | 15 | 154 | 123 | 61 | 87 | 69 | 76 | 60 | 49 | 7 | 67 | 50 | 62 | 99 | 91 | 73 |
November | 44 | 7 | 41 | 46 | 42 | 12 | 23 | 24 | NA | NA | NA | - | 45 | 2 | 38 | 53 |
December | 30 | 4 | 67 | 29 | 33 | 7 | 28 | 18 | NA | NA | NA | - | 24 | 8 | 47 | 31 |
Air temperature (°C) | ||||||||||||||||
January | −6.6 | −4.0 | −6.8 | −6.3 | −9.7 | −9.1 | −10.6 | −12.0 | −11.1 | −11.3 | −13.0 | −13.5 | −10.0 | −7.6 | −11.1 | −10.7 |
February | −1.6 | 2.6 | −5.6 | −4.0 | −5.2 | −3.1 | −12.4 | −9.8 | −5.6 | −5.3 | −15.3 | −10.7 | −5.3 | −1.9 | −11.9 | −7.7 |
March | 7.3 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 3.1 | −0.9 | −1.8 | −2.6 | 2.8 | −2.5 | −5.2 | −3.1 | 3.8 | −1.0 | −1.4 | −0.5 |
April | 11.3 | 11.4 | 5.4 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 1.6 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 7.9 |
May | 16.6 | 16.3 | 20.6 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 13.4 | 17.8 | 13.9 | 15.0 | 13.2 | 16.9 | 13.4 | 15.6 | 13.5 | 18.6 | 14.3 |
June | 24.2 | 22.8 | 23.5 | 22.0 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 21.0 | 19.2 | 19.5 | 19.1 | 20.5 | 18.9 | 21.0 | 20.4 | 21.4 | 19.6 |
July | 23.9 | 24.4 | 23.5 | 23.7 | 21.5 | 22.1 | 21.7 | 21.4 | 21.1 | 21.2 | 20.3 | 20.7 | 24.8 | 22.3 | 22.0 | 21.9 |
August | 23.1 | 20.8 | 22.8 | 22.6 | 20.7 | 18.4 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 20.6 | 18.1 | 19.4 | 19.7 | 21.3 | 18.9 | 21.1 | 20.8 |
September | 21.0 | 20.4 | 19.8 | 18.7 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 16.1 | 15.3 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.4 | 16.0 |
October | 14.9 | 12.7 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 5.0 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 3.8 | 7.3 | 11.0 | 9.6 | 6.2 | 8.9 |
November | 8.2 | 3.6 | −0.2 | 3.5 | 4.3 | −1.4 | −4.8 | −1.4 | 4.4 | −3.3 | −6.1 | −1.9 | 6.0 | −0.6 | −3.3 | 0.1 |
December | −4.2 | −3.8 | −1.4 | −4.1 | −8.9 | −9.0 | −6.0 | −9.1 | −10.0 | −11.2 | −8.0 | −9.9 | −7.0 | −8.2 | −5.0 | −8.2 |
Location | Maize System | Soybean System | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–15 cm | 15–60 cm | 0–15 cm | 15–60 cm | |||||||||
AUT | SPR | RSH | AUT | SPR | RSH | AUT | SPR | RSH | AUT | SPR | RSH | |
NH4+-N | ||||||||||||
Ames, IA | 0.771 | 0.657 | 0.822 | 0.359 | 0.743 | 0.914 | 0.295 | 0.230 | 0.705 | 0.399 | 0.056 | 0.607 |
Morris, MN | 0.686 | 0.707 | 0.854 | 0.929 | 0.259 | 0.829 | 0.937 | 0.055 | 0.768 | 0.819 | 0.650 | 0.788 |
Prosper, ND | 0.100 | 0.993 | 0.089 | 0.129 | 0.168 | 0.349 | 0.543 | 0.373 | 0.695 | 0.318 | 0.603 | 0.736 |
Rosemount, MN | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.8703 | 0.637 | 0.148 | 0.085 | 0.393 | 0.067 |
NO3−-N | ||||||||||||
Ames, IA | 0.838 | 0.481 | 0.669 | 0.209 | 0.162 | 0.593 | 0.288 | 0.143 | 0.892 | 0.752 | 0.165 | 0.891 |
Morris, MN | 0.060 | 0.221 | 0.083 | 0.047 | 0.066 | 0.791 | 0.002 | 0.101 | 0.157 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.409 |
Prosper, ND | 0.676 | 0.002 | 0.704 | 0.777 | 0.035 | 0.134 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.338 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.228 |
Rosemount, MN | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.127 | 0.025 | 0.492 | 0.037 | 0.0592 | 0.926 |
Variables | Ames | Morris | Prosper | Rosemount | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | |
Maize System | ||||||||
Biomass nitrogen | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.370 | 0.008 | 0.332 | NA | NA |
Biomass carbon | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.142 | 0.005 | 0.104 | NA | NA |
Soybean System | ||||||||
Biomass nitrogen | 0.027 | 0.106 | 0.004 | 0.295 | 0.216 | 0.238 | NA | 0.003 |
Biomass carbon | 0.027 | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.118 | 0.062 | 0.069 | NA | 0.004 |
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Mohammed, Y.A.; Patel, S.; Matthees, H.L.; Lenssen, A.W.; Johnson, B.L.; Wells, M.S.; Forcella, F.; Berti, M.T.; Gesch, R.W. Soil Nitrogen in Response to Interseeded Cover Crops in Maize–Soybean Production Systems. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091439
Mohammed YA, Patel S, Matthees HL, Lenssen AW, Johnson BL, Wells MS, Forcella F, Berti MT, Gesch RW. Soil Nitrogen in Response to Interseeded Cover Crops in Maize–Soybean Production Systems. Agronomy. 2020; 10(9):1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091439
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed, Yesuf Assen, Swetabh Patel, Heather L. Matthees, Andrew W. Lenssen, Burton L. Johnson, M. Scott Wells, Frank Forcella, Marisol T. Berti, and Russ W. Gesch. 2020. "Soil Nitrogen in Response to Interseeded Cover Crops in Maize–Soybean Production Systems" Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091439