Response of Two Local Common Bean Ecotypes of “Fagioli di Sarconi” PGI (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Seed-Borne Pathogens and Environmental Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Isolation of Seed Microflora
2.2.1. Washing Test
2.2.2. Blotter Test
2.2.3. Between Paper Test
2.3. Identification of Pathogens
2.4. Disease Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Meteorological Parameters
3.2. Isolation and Identification of Seed Mycoflora by Washing Test
3.3. Identification and Incidence of R. solani on Treated and Untreated Seeds with Blotter Test, and of C. lindemuthianum, F. oxysporum and Bacterial Diseases Causal Agents with between Paper Test
3.4. Macroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of R. solani, C. lindemuthianum and F. oxysporum
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fagioli di Sarconi PGI Ecotype | Seed Qualitative Trait | ||||||
Coat Darker Color | Coat Lighter Color | Coat Patter | Longitudinal Shape | Transverse Shape | Veining | Brilliance | |
Ciuoto | Cream/Brown | Purple/red | Stripe | Oval | Large elliptic | Weak | Medium |
Cannellino rosso | Whitish | Purple | Spotted bicolor | Kidney shaped | Elliptic | Weak | Medium |
Fagioli di Sarconi PGI ecotype | Seed Quantitative Trait | ||||||
Length (mm) | Height (mm) | Width (mm) | Weight (g) | ||||
Ciuoto | 11.13 ± 1.02 | 7.54 ± 0.62 | 6.53 ± 0.55 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | |||
Cannellino rosso | 15.91 ± 0.81 | 8.09 ± 0.49 | 6.54 ± 0.48 | 0.63 ± 0.09 |
Meteorological Parameter | 2018 | 2019 | pr (>F) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Range | Mean | Min | Max | Range | Mean | ||
Rain (mm day−1) | 0.00 | 38.60 | 38.60 | 2.09 | 0.00 | 56.40 | 56.40 | 1.69 | 0.530 |
Temperature air (°C day−1) | |||||||||
Minimum | −4.30 | 19.80 | 24.10 | 10.03 | −0.50 | 16.50 | 17.00 | 9.58 | 0.301 |
Maximum | 8.40 | 36.40 | 28.00 | 26.13 | 11.00 | 39.40 | 28.40 | 27.78 | 0.016 * |
Average | 2.83 | 25.78 | 22.94 | 17.20 | 6.28 | 25.93 | 19.64 | 18.08 | 0.094 |
Relative humidity (% day−1) | |||||||||
Minimum | 19.00 | 90.00 | 71.00 | 42.39 | 13.00 | 91.00 | 78.00 | 37.58 | 0.001 *** |
Maximum | 67.80 | 100.00 | 32.20 | 96.96 | 82.00 | 99.80 | 17.80 | 96.96 | 0.998 |
Average | 46.25 | 96.42 | 50.17 | 75.09 | 49.67 | 96.79 | 47.13 | 71.25 | 0.000 *** |
Evapotranspiration (mm day −1) | 0.76 | 8.13 | 7.37 | 4.44 | 0.90 | 8.08 | 7.18 | 4.87 | 0.049 * |
2018 | 2019 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecotype | Ciuoto | Cannellino Rosso | Ciuoto | Cannellino Rosso | ||||
Locality | Sarconi | Paterno | Sarconi | Paterno | Sarconi | Paterno | Sarconi | Paterno |
Fungal microflora | ||||||||
Alternaria spp. | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Alternaria alternata | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Aspergillus spp. | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Aspergillus flavus | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − |
Aspergillus niger | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Cladosporium cladosporioides | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − |
Botritys spp. | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | + |
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Fusarium oxysporum | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Fusarium solani | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Mucor hiemalis | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Penicillium spp. | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | + |
Penicillium expansum | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Rhizoctonia solani | − | + | − | + | + | + | + | + |
Rhizophus nigricans | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Trichoderma harzianum | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
Tricoderma viridae | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Uromyces appendiculatus | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Year | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecotype | Ciuoto | Cannellino Rosso | Ciuoto | Cannellino Rosso | ||||
Locality | Sarconi | Paterno | Sarconi | Paterno | Sarconi | Paterno | Sarconi | Paterno |
Blotter Method | ||||||||
Rhizoctonia solani | ||||||||
treated seed | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Disease incidence (%) 1 | 27 | 23 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 15 | 4 | 8 |
untreated seed | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Disease incidence (%) 1 | 19 | 35 | 24 | 27 | 11 | 23 | 12 | 24 |
Between Paper Test | ||||||||
Fusarium oxysporum | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + |
Disease incidence (%) 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 6 |
C. lindemuthianum | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Disease incidence (%) 2 | 4 | 40 | 8 | 20 | 4 | 65 | 4 | 30 |
Bacterial disease causal agents | ||||||||
P. syringae pv. phaseolicola | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − |
X. campestris pv. phaseoli | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | + |
Disease incidence (%) 2 | 28 | 30 | 18 | 24 | 12 | 12 | 6 | 16 |
Development Temperature (°C) | References | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mycoflora | −5 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | |
Alternaria spp. | x | x | x | x | [50] | ||||||||
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler | x | x | x | x | [51] | ||||||||
Aspergillus spp. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [38] | |||||
Aspergillus flavus Link | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [38] | |||||
Aspergillus niger van Tieghem | x | x | x | x | x | x | [39] | ||||||
Cladosporium cladosporioides G.A. de Vries | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [38] | ||
Botrytis spp. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [38] | |||
Colletothricum lindemuthianum Briosi e Cavara | x | x | x | x | [42] | ||||||||
Fusarium oxysporum von Schlechtendal | x | x | x | x | [50] | ||||||||
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. | x | x | x | x | [50] | ||||||||
Mucor hiemalis Wehmer | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [42] | |||||
Penicillium expansum Link | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [42] | ||||
Penicillium spp. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [42] | |||||
Rhizoctonia solani (Cooke) Wint. | x | x | x | x | [52] | ||||||||
Rhizophus nigricans Vuillemin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | [50] | ||||
Trichoderma spp. | x | x | [39] | ||||||||||
Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link | x | x | x | [51] |
Development Humidity (%) | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mycoflora | <55 | 55 < 75 | >75 | |
Alternaria spp. | x | [50] | ||
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler | x | [51] | ||
Aspergillus spp. | x | [38] | ||
Aspergillus flavus Link | x | [38] | ||
Aspergillus niger van Tieghem | x | [39] | ||
Cladosporium cladosporioides G.A. de Vries | x | [38] | ||
Botrytis spp. | x | [38] | ||
Colletothricum lindemuthianum Briosi e Cavara | x | [42] | ||
Fusarium oxysporum von Schlechtendal | x | [50] | ||
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. | x | [50] | ||
Mucor hiemalis Wehmer | x | [42] | ||
Penicillium expansum Link | x | [42] | ||
Penicillium spp. | x | [42] | ||
Rhizoctonia solani (Cooke) Wint. | x | [52] | ||
Rhizophus nigricans Vuillemin | x | [50] | ||
Trichoderma spp. | x | [39] | ||
Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link | x | [51] |
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Vitti, A.; Bevilacqua, V.; Logozzo, G.; Marzario, S.; Gioia, T.; Nuzzaci, M. Response of Two Local Common Bean Ecotypes of “Fagioli di Sarconi” PGI (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Seed-Borne Pathogens and Environmental Change. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101924
Vitti A, Bevilacqua V, Logozzo G, Marzario S, Gioia T, Nuzzaci M. Response of Two Local Common Bean Ecotypes of “Fagioli di Sarconi” PGI (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Seed-Borne Pathogens and Environmental Change. Agronomy. 2021; 11(10):1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101924
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitti, Antonella, Vincenzo Bevilacqua, Giuseppina Logozzo, Stefania Marzario, Tania Gioia, and Maria Nuzzaci. 2021. "Response of Two Local Common Bean Ecotypes of “Fagioli di Sarconi” PGI (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Seed-Borne Pathogens and Environmental Change" Agronomy 11, no. 10: 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101924
APA StyleVitti, A., Bevilacqua, V., Logozzo, G., Marzario, S., Gioia, T., & Nuzzaci, M. (2021). Response of Two Local Common Bean Ecotypes of “Fagioli di Sarconi” PGI (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Seed-Borne Pathogens and Environmental Change. Agronomy, 11(10), 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101924