Combined Fertilization Could Increase Crop Productivity and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Intensity through Carbon Sequestration under Rice-Wheat Rotation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Gas Sampling and Measurement
2.3. Soil Sampling and Chemical Analysis
2.4. Calculation of Components for SOC Change and NECB of Croplands
2.5. Calculation of Nitrogen Use Efficacy (NUE)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grain Production and Agronomic Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)
3.2. Soil Properties
3.3. GHG Emission
3.4. Net Ecosystem Carbon Budget (NECB) and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Change
3.5. Net Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Greenhouse Gas Intensity (GHGI)
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Different Fertilizers on CH4 and N2O Emissions
4.2. Effect of Different Fertilizers on Soil C Sequestration
4.3. Effect of Different Fertilizers on Net GWP and GHGI
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | N Rates for Two Vegetable Crops (N kg ha−1) | N Application Rate (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urea | OM | SR | CR | Basal | Elongation | Booting | |
Wheat season | |||||||
NPK | 150 | 50 | 20 | 30 | |||
NPK + OM | 120 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | ||
NPK + SR | 120 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | ||
NPK + CR | 90 | 60 | 100 | ||||
Rice season | |||||||
NPK | 165 | 40 | 30 | 30 | |||
NPK + OM | 132 | 33 | 40 | 30 | 30 | ||
NPK + SR | 132 | 33 | 40 | 30 | 30 | ||
NPK + CR | 99 | 66 | 100 |
Treatments | Wheat Season | Rice Season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Re (kg ha−1) | CH4 Total Flux (kg ha−1) | N2O Total Flux (kg ha−1) | Re (kg ha−1) | CH4 Total Flux (kg ha−1) | N2O Total Flux (kg ha−1) | |
PK | 12,260.63 ± 545.67 c | 1.59 ± 0.30 c | 2.64 ± 0.51 b | 17,774.09 ± 720.36 b | 149.30 ± 9.21 b | 0.22 ± 0.03 c |
NPK | 21,447.1 ± 974.42 b | 2.28 ± 0.48b c | 5.58 ± 0.40 a | 23,500.66 ± 2278.98 a | 184.00 ± 8.76a b | 0.43 ± 0.02 ab |
NPK + OM | 27,611.59 ± 2223.06 a | 2.60 ± 0.16 b | 5.69 ± 0.38 a | 23,938.82 ± 1605.75 a | 211.13 ± 11.81 ab | 0.56 ± 0.04 a |
NPK + SR | 27,825.39 ± 992.69 a | 4.53 ± 0.16 a | 2.95 ± 0.31 b | 26,294.63 ± 986.54 a | 239.25 ± 46.11 a | 0.39 ± 0.05 abc |
NPK + CR | 20,966.94 ± 779.06 b | 2.15 ± 0.29b c | 4.55 ± 0.41 a | 23,084.69 ± 829.69 a | 177.55 ± 18.30 ab | 0.33 ± 0.08 bc |
Treatment | NECB 1 (t C ha−1 yr−1) | NPP 2 (t C ha-1 yr−1) | Harvest (t C ha−1 yr−1) | Re (t C ha−1 yr−1) | CH4 (t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) | N2O (t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) | SOC Change 3 (t C ha−1 yr−1) | Grain Yield (t ha−1 yr−1) | Net GWP 4 (t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1) | GHGI 5 (kg CO2-eq kg−1 grain) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PK | −2.60 ± 0.09 c | 0.92 ± 0.19 c | 7.33 ± 0.40 c | 8.19 ± 0.10 d | 3.78 ± 0.41 b | 0.85 ± 0.25 c | −0.06 ± 0.02 c | 7.42 ± 0.13 c | 4.83 ± 0.16 a | 0.65 ± 0.03 a |
NPK | 0.70 ± 0.41 b | 1.32 ± 0.34 b | 9.63 ± 0.27 b | 12.26 ± 0.45 c | 4.66 ± 0.39 ab | 1.79 ± 0.21 a | 0.15 ± 0.09 b | 10.54 ± 0.81 b | 5.91 ± 0.42 a | 0.57 ± 0.06 ab |
NPK + OM | 1.42 ± 0.17 b | 1.37 ± 0.03 ab | 9.88 ± 0.06 ab | 13.53 ± 0.18 b | 5.26 ± 0.51a b | 1.86 ± 0.20 ab | 0.30 ± 0.04 b | 11.67 ± 0.27 a | 6.01 ± 0.52 a | 0.51 ± 0.04 abc |
NPK + SR | 3.84 ± 0.44 a | 1.38 ± 0.52 ab | 10.26 ± 0.38 a | 14.76 ± 0.29 a | 6.09 ± 1.15 a | 1.00 ± 0.19 c | 0.82 ± 0.10 a | 11.30 ± 0.28 ab | 4.09 ± 1.19 a | 0.36 ± 0.11 c |
NPK + CR | 1.70 ± 0.48 b | 1.41 ± 0.16 a | 10.45 ± 0.11 a | 12.01 ± 0.43c | 4.50 ± 0.78ab | 1.45 ± 0.17b | 0.36 ± 0.10b | 11.27 ± 0.44 ab | 4.62 ± 0.74 a | 0.41 ± 0.07 bc |
Air Temperature | Soil Temperature | Water Content | NO3−-N | MBC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat Season | |||||
CO2 flux | 0.6122 *** | 0.5355 *** | −0.4460 *** | n.s. | 0.8954 *** |
CH4 flux | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.4537 * |
N2O flux | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.5424 ** | n.s. |
Rice Season | |||||
CO2 flux | 0.24852 ** | 0.38322 *** | n.s. | n.s. | 0.6645 ** |
CH4 flux | 0.18815 * | 0.3419 *** | 0.46783 ** | n.s. | 0.3327 * |
N2O flux | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
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Guo, T.; Luan, H.; Song, D.; Zhang, S.; Zhou, W.; Liang, G. Combined Fertilization Could Increase Crop Productivity and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Intensity through Carbon Sequestration under Rice-Wheat Rotation. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122540
Guo T, Luan H, Song D, Zhang S, Zhou W, Liang G. Combined Fertilization Could Increase Crop Productivity and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Intensity through Carbon Sequestration under Rice-Wheat Rotation. Agronomy. 2021; 11(12):2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122540
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Tengfei, Haoan Luan, Dali Song, Shuiqing Zhang, Wei Zhou, and Guoqing Liang. 2021. "Combined Fertilization Could Increase Crop Productivity and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Intensity through Carbon Sequestration under Rice-Wheat Rotation" Agronomy 11, no. 12: 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122540