Confirmation of Multiple Resistant Chloris radiata Population, Harvested in Colombian Rice Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Fast Screening and Dose–Response Curve Assays
2.4. Shikimic Accumulation Assay
2.5. EPSPS Enzyme Activity
2.6. ALS Enzyme Activity
2.7. Chemical Integrated Management
2.7.1. Effectivity with and without Adjuvants
2.7.2. Foliar Retention with and without Adjuvants
2.7.3. Alternative Herbicide
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fast Screening and Dose–Response Curve Assays
3.2. Shikimate Accumulation
3.3. EPSPS Enzyme Activity
3.4. ALS Enzyme Activity
3.5. Integrated Chemical Management
3.5.1. Effectivity with and without Adjuvants
3.5.2. Foliar Retention with and without Adjuvants
3.5.3. Alternative Herbicides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Herbicide | HRAC/WSSA Code | MOA | Commercial Product | Recommended Field Dose |
---|---|---|---|---|
(g ea-ai ha−1) b | ||||
Glyphosate a | 9 | EPSPS | Roundup Energy® (450 g/L SC) | 960 |
Imazamox | 2 | ALS | Pulsar® 40 (4% SC) | 40 |
Bispyribac-sodium | 2 | ALS | Bispyrifed® (100 SC) | 50 |
Metsulfuron-methyl | 2 | ALS | Ally® (60% WG) | 9 |
Quizalofop-ethyl | 1 | ACCase | Leopard (5% EC) | 100 |
Clethodim | 1 | ACCase | Select® (120 EC) | 153 |
Quinclorac | 4 | Auxin Mimics | Facet (25 SC) | 375 |
Atrazine | 5 | PSII | Gesaprim® (90% WDG) | 2000 |
Glufosinate-ammonium | 10 | GS | Finale® (15% p/v SL) | 500 |
Oxyfluorfen | 14 | PPO | Goal Supreme® (48%) | 480 |
Paraquat | 22 | PSI | Gramaxone® (27.6% SL) | 400 |
Tembotrione | 27 | HPPD | Laudis® (42% SC) | 120 |
Herbicide | Visual Evaluation (%) a | Survival (%) b | DW Reduction (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | R | S | R | S | R | ||
Glyphosate | 100 ± 0 | 50.1 ± 9.2 | 0 | 100 ± 0 | 96.0 ± 3.3 A | 70.8 ± 8.1 B | |
Imazamox | 92 ± 7 | 66.0 ± 9.4 | 10.3 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 94.6 ± 3.8 A | 69.0 ± 5.9 B | |
Bispyribac-sodium | 100 ± 0 | 30.3 ± 8.6 | 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 18.5 ± 8.1 C | |
Metsulfuron-methyl | 100 ± 0 | 30.0 ± 5.6 | 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 13.2 ± 8.5 C | |
Quizalofop-ethyl | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 100 ± 0 A | |
Clethodim | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 100 ± 0 A | |
Quinclorac | 100 ± 0 | 19.9 ± 7.3 | 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 16.1 ± 8.4 C | |
Atrazine | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 20.0 ± 6.5 | 20.1 ± 5.5 | 81.9 ± 8.4 B | 83.2 ± 9.1 B | |
Glufosinate-ammonium | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 100 ± 0 A | |
Oxyfluorfen | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 10.0 ± 4 | 10.1 ± 3 | 85.2 ± 6.8 B | 84.6 ± 9.4 B | |
Paraquat | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 100 ± 0 A | |
Tembotrione | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 ± 0 A | 100 ± 0 A |
Herbicide | C. radiata | d | b | p-Value | GR50/LD50 | RF c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR50 value | ||||||
Glyphosate a | S | 99.13 | 1.45 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 95.15 ± 13.59 | |
R | 100.25 | 1.48 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 481.53 ± 64.06 | 5.06 (5.01–5.09) | |
Imazamox b | S | 102.26 | 2.26 | 0.9998 | 4.45 ± 0.3 | |
R | 100.64 | 3.83 | 0.9999 | 155.45 ± 7.9 | 34.90 (34.40–35.60) | |
LD50 value | ||||||
Glyphosate | S | 100.05 | 10.57 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 438.18 ± 91.21 | |
R | 100.04 | 4.87 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 4242.39 ± 561.72 | 9.70 (9.10–10.60) | |
Imazamox | S | 102.65 | 1.31 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 4.65 ± 0.27 | 37.43 (37.31–37.56) |
R | 100.62 | 2.26 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 174.06 ± 9.51 |
Treatment | Glyphosate | |||
S (95 g ae ha−1) | % IE a | R (485 g ae ha−1) | % IE a | |
Only Herbicide | 51.30 ± 3.82 B | - | 54.82 ± 3.83 C | - |
Herbicide + Retenol | 65.68 ± 3.64 A | 28.03 (25.76–30.66) | 71.36 ± 3.98 B | 30.17 (28.45–32.14) |
Herbicide + Trend 90 | 70.82 ± 2.11 A | 38.05 (32.31–44.71) | 81.98 ± 2.11 A | 49.54 (43.37–56.63) |
Imazamox | ||||
S (4.5 g ai ha−1) | % IE a | R (150 g ai ha−1) | % IE a | |
Only Herbicide | 52.06 ± 2.70 B | - | 48.72 ± 2.42 B | - |
Herbicide + Retenol | 60.22 ± 4.18 A | 15.67 (13.53–17.60) | 58.06 ± 3.85 A | 19.17 (17.08–21.05) |
Herbicide + Trend 90 | 63.20 ± 3.58 A | 21.39 (20.78–21.95) | 64.62 ± 4.08 A | 32.63 (30.75–34.33) |
Treatment | Glyphosate | |||
S (µL g−1 dry Matter) | % IRH a | R (µL g−1 dry Matter) | % IRH a | |
Only Herbicide | 377.68 ± 10.11 C | - | 335,18 ± 17.37 C | - |
Herbicide + Retenol | 1146.69 ± 49.95 B | 203.61 (198.37–208.57) | 1034.69 ± 24.30 B | 208.69 (200.38–217.92) |
Herbicide + Trend 90 | 1390.17 ± 31.94 A | 268.08 (266.72–269.51) | 1186.96 ± 46.23 A | 254.12 (249.79–258.93) |
Imazamox | ||||
S (µL g−1 dry Matter) | % IRH a | R (µL g−1 dry Matter) | % IRH a | |
Only Herbicide | 153.91 ± 17.22 C | - | 121.07 ± 12.46 C | - |
Herbicide + Retenol | 321.60 ± 12.91 B | 108.95 (95.47–125.83) | 291.71 ± 19.74 B | 140.94 (133.24–150.40) |
Herbicide + Trend 90 | 390.67 ± 16.91 A | 153.83 (138.16–173.43) | 370.39 ± 12.50 A | 205.93 (186.74–229.51) |
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Hoyos, V.; Plaza, G.; Vázquez-Garcia, J.G.; Palma-Bautista, C.; Rojano-Delgado, A.M.; De Prado, R. Confirmation of Multiple Resistant Chloris radiata Population, Harvested in Colombian Rice Fields. Agronomy 2021, 11, 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030496
Hoyos V, Plaza G, Vázquez-Garcia JG, Palma-Bautista C, Rojano-Delgado AM, De Prado R. Confirmation of Multiple Resistant Chloris radiata Population, Harvested in Colombian Rice Fields. Agronomy. 2021; 11(3):496. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030496
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoyos, Verónica, Guido Plaza, José G. Vázquez-Garcia, Candelario Palma-Bautista, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, and Rafael De Prado. 2021. "Confirmation of Multiple Resistant Chloris radiata Population, Harvested in Colombian Rice Fields" Agronomy 11, no. 3: 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030496