Effect of a Biostimulant on Bermudagrass Fall Color Retention and Spring Green-Up
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biostimulant
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Turfgrass Management
2.4. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fall Color Retention
3.2. Early Spring Green-Up
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Average Maximum Temp. (°C) | Average Minimum Temp. (°C) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 29-yr avg | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 29-yr avg | |
January | 15.2 | 17.6 | 17.2 | 15.8 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 5.1 |
February | 17.5 | 15.5 | 18.5 | 16.8 | 7.5 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 5.9 |
March | 20.4 | 19.5 | 20.7 | 19.3 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 7.8 |
April | 21.0 | 21.2 | 20.4 | 21.1 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 10.0 |
May | 25.5 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 24.1 | 13.9 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.4 |
June | 30.7 | 28.2 | 28.2 | 27.8 | 19.1 | 17.8 | 16.8 | 17.5 |
July | 31.3 | 31.8 | 32.2 | 30.6 | 21.3 | 21.4 | 21.6 | 20.5 |
August | 30.6 | 32.1 | 31.9 | 30.8 | 21.2 | 22.3 | 21.4 | 20.9 |
September | 28.3 | 28.5 | 28.3 | 28.0 | 16.7 | 19.7 | 19.0 | 18.0 |
October | 25.6 | 23.4 | 25.9 | 24.1 | 14.0 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 13.9 |
November | 20.2 | 19.0 | 20.4 | 19.3 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 9.2 |
December | 16.8 | 18.8 | 18.4 | 16.2 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 8.0 | 6.1 |
Annual | 23.6 | 23.4 | 23.8 | 22.8 | 11.9 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
Year 2017 | Weeks After Initial Treatment (Dates) | |||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
(4-October) | (11-October) | (18-October) | (22-October) | (30-October) | (8-November) | (14-November) | (21-November) | (28-November) | (5-December) | |
Turf color | ||||||||||
Non-treated | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 2.8 |
5 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
10 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 3.3 |
5 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 3.1 |
10 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
LSD | 1.03 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 1.16 | 1.60 | 1.55 | 0.97 | 0.82 |
NDVI | ||||||||||
Non-treated | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.59ab † | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.52ab | 0.47 |
5 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.58b | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.50ab | 0.46 |
10 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.67a | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.54a | 0.49 |
5 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.65ab | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.54ab | 0.46 |
10 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.62ab | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.48b | 0.42 |
LSD | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Year 2018 | Weeks after initial treatment (dates) | |||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
(16-October) | (23-October) | (30-October) | (6-November) | (13-November) | (20-November) | (28-November) | (5-December) | (11-December) | (18-December) | |
Turf color | ||||||||||
Non-treated | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.7ab | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 |
5 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.8ab | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
10 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.8ab | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
5 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 6.3 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 7.0a | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
10 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 5.5 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.3b | 6.2 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.8 |
LSD | 1.31 | 1.66 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 1.15 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.62 | 0.66 |
NDVI | ||||||||||
Non-treated | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.73ab | 0.75ab | 0.75 | 0.76 |
5 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.73ab | 0.75ab | 0.73 | 0.74 |
10 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.73ab | 0.74ab | 0.74 | 0.75 |
5 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.76a | 0.78a | 0.77 | 0.78 |
10 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.69b | 0.71b | 0.71 | 0.73 |
LSD | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
% green color | ||||||||||
Non-treated | 96.0 | 92.7 | 92.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 96.7 | 98.3 | 98.3 | 97.7 | 95.0 |
5 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 93.3 | 88.3 | 91.7 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 98.3 | 98.3 | 95.3 | 94.3 | 91.7 |
10 L ha−1, 7-day int. | 98.3 | 98.3 | 98.3 | 100.0 | 98.7 | 98.3 | 98.3 | 98.7 | 98.3 | 98.3 |
5 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 99.3 | 100.0 | 99.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.3 | 99.3 | 99.3 | 100.0 |
10 L ha−1, 14-day int. | 85.0 | 85.0 | 88.3 | 91.0 | 91.7 | 95.0 | 96.0 | 96.0 | 94.3 | 93.3 |
LSD | 16.19 | 18.43 | 17.91 | 15.07 | 11.78 | 9.10 | 6.00 | 6.32 | 9.92 | 11.51 |
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De Luca, V.; Gómez de Barreda, D. Effect of a Biostimulant on Bermudagrass Fall Color Retention and Spring Green-Up. Agronomy 2021, 11, 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030608
De Luca V, Gómez de Barreda D. Effect of a Biostimulant on Bermudagrass Fall Color Retention and Spring Green-Up. Agronomy. 2021; 11(3):608. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030608
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Luca, Verónica, and Diego Gómez de Barreda. 2021. "Effect of a Biostimulant on Bermudagrass Fall Color Retention and Spring Green-Up" Agronomy 11, no. 3: 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030608