Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Time-Series NDVI Data
2.2.2. Climate Data
2.2.3. Environmental Data
2.3. Method
2.3.1. Classification of High-Quality Croplands
2.3.2. Classification of Potential High-Quality Croplands
2.3.3. Selecting Climatic and Environmental Variables
2.3.4. Random Forest Model for Assessing Potential High-Quality Croplands
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Climate and Environmental Variables for Cropland Suitability Analyses
3.2. High-Quality Croplands in Kyrgyzstan
3.3. Potential High-Quality Croplands under the Baseline Climate
3.4. Validation and Model Performance for Predicting Potential High-Quality Cropland
3.5. Random Forest Model for Potential High-Quality Cropland under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Scenarios
3.6. Agricultural Adaptation Strategy for Land-Use Purpose
3.7. Agricultural Adaptation Strategy against Climate Change
3.8. Implications of Proactive Policies on Food Security and Agricultural Resilience
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Climate Variables | Enviornmental Variables | |
---|---|---|
Bio1, Annual Mean Temperature (°C) | Bio13, Precipitation of Wettest Month (mm) | Slope |
Bio2, Mean Diurnal Range (°C) | Bio14, Precipitation of Driest Month (mm) | Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) |
Bio3, Isothermality (°C) | Bio15, Precipitation Seasonality (mm) | Ecological Land Units (ELU) |
Bio4, Temperature Seasonality (°C) | Bio16, Precipitation of Wettest Quarter (mm) | |
Bio5, Max Temperature of Warmest Month (°C) | Bio17, Precipitation of Driest Quarter (mm) | |
Bio6, Min Temperature of Coldest Month (°C) | Bio18, Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (mm) | |
Bio7, Temperature Annual Range (°C) | Bio19, Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (mm) | |
Bio8, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (°C) | PEI, Precipitation Effectiveness Index | |
Bio9, Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter (°C) | Warmth Index (WI) | |
Bio10, Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter (°C) | Aridity Index (AI) | |
Bio11, Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter (°C) | Climate Moisture Index (CMI) | |
Bio12, Annual Precipitation (mm) | Evapotranspiration Index (PET) |
Type | Acronym | Full Name | y ≥ ±0.2 | r ≥ ±0.8 | Literature Review | Pr(>|t|) | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate | Bio1 | Annual mean temperature | 0.22 | r ≥ 0.88 with Bio6 | [26,51] | < | 2.032 |
Bio3 | Isothermality | 0.2 | r ≥ 0.86 with Bio6 | [52] | < | 2.158 | |
Climate | Bio12 | Annual precipitation | 0.32 | r ≥ 0.8 with Bio11, 15,PEI, CMI | [53] | < | 1.990 |
Bio16 | Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | 0.37 | r ≥ 0.98 with Bio13 | [54] | 2.881 | ||
AI | Aridity Index | −0.28 | r ≥ −0.92 with Bio17 | [55,56] | < | 1.393 | |
Environ-ment | Slope | Slope | - | - | [57] | < | 1.422 |
TWI | Topographical Wetness Index | - | - | [32,57] | < | 1.292 | |
ELU | Ecological Land Unit | - | - | [58] | 1.114 |
Land Category | Land Cover Map (2010) | Potential High-Quality Cropland | |
---|---|---|---|
Area (Km2) | Area (Km2) | Composition (%) | |
Cropland (A) | 16,188 | 6817 (A) | 42.2 |
Grassland (B) | 112,013 | 7667 (B) | 47.4 |
Other lands (C) | 71,848 | 1681 (C) | 10.4 |
| 9272 | 943 | 5.8 |
| 1032 | 307 | 1.9 |
| 915 | 78 | 0.5 |
| 13,993 | 37 | 0.2 |
| 51 | 0 | 0 |
| 491 | 31 | 0.2 |
| 26,268 | 287 | 1.8 |
| 19,825 | 0 | 0 |
Subtotal (B + C) | 183,861 | 9349 | 57.8 |
Total (A + B + C) | 200,048 | 16,166 | 100 |
Scenario | Baseline | Under the RCP4.5 Scenario | ||||||
Period | P.H-QCropland (A) | 2050 (B1) | 2070 (B2) | |||||
A. Area | Prop | B1 Area | Prop | 1 ΔB1 | B2 Area | Prop | ΔB2 | |
Unit | Km2 | % | Km2 | % | Km2 | % | ||
CC | 6817.5 | 42.2 | 1119.2 | 30.1 | −12.1 | 471.20 | 26.3 | −15.9 |
GC | 7667.5 | 47.4 | 2153.1 | 58.0 | 10.6 | 1142.1 | 63.7 | 16.3 |
OC | 1681.0 | 10.4 | 441.3 | 11.9 | 1.5 | 180.4 | 10.1 | −0.3 |
Total | 16,165.9 | 100 | 3713.7 | 100 | 1793.7 | 100 | - | |
Scenario | Baseline | Under the RCP8.5 Scenario | ||||||
Period | P.H-QCropland (A) | 2050 (B3) | 2070 (B4) | |||||
A. Area | Prop | B3 Area | Prop | ΔB3 | B4 Area | B4 | ΔB4 | |
Unit | Km2 | % | Km2 | % | Km2 | % | ||
CC | 6817.5 | 42.2 | 828.5 | 46.2 | 4.0 | 107.6 | 11.8 | −30.4 |
GC | 7667.5 | 47.4 | 871.5 | 48.6 | 1.2 | 714.7 | 78.1 | 30.7 |
OC | 1681.0 | 10.4 | 93.7 | 5.2 | −5.2 | 92.3 | 10.1 | −0.3 |
16,165.9 | 100 | 1793.7 | 100 | - | 914.5 | 100 | - |
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Park, S.; Lim, C.-H.; Kim, S.J.; Isaev, E.; Choi, S.-E.; Lee, S.-D.; Lee, W.-K. Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081490
Park S, Lim C-H, Kim SJ, Isaev E, Choi S-E, Lee S-D, Lee W-K. Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future. Agronomy. 2021; 11(8):1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081490
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Sugyeong, Chul-Hee Lim, Sea Jin Kim, Erkin Isaev, Sol-E Choi, Sung-Dae Lee, and Woo-Kyun Lee. 2021. "Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future" Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081490