Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Studied Soil and Biochar
2.2. Analysis of Soil and Biochars
2.3. Soil-Biochar Incubation Experiment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Initial Soil and Poultry Litter Biochar (PLB)
3.2. Water Soluble Extracts of Five Poultry Litter Biochars
3.3. Soil Carbon Mineralization
3.4. Amount of Applied Carbon Mineralized
4. Discussion
4.1. Quality Characteristics of Poultry Litter Biochar
4.2. Effects on Carbon Mineralization
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics 1 | P2 2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH 3 | 6.94 | 6.83 | 7.12 | 9.66 | 9.81 | |||
EC (dS m−1) | 9.18 3/9.23 4 | 9.33 3/9.52 4 | 8.50 3/10.5 4 | 8.69 3/12.4 4 | 8.71 3/12.5 4 | |||
Available N (g kg−1) | 11.4 | 10.6 | 5.65 | 0.94 | 0.39 | |||
CEC (cmol(+) kg−1) | 37.5 | 33.2 | 21.9 | 31.5 | 29.3 | |||
M3-P (g kg−1) | 7.95 | 6.32 | 6.46 | 8.86 | 6.38 | |||
M3-K (g kg−1) | 27.9 | 24.3 | 25.4 | 42.9 | 35.1 | |||
M3-Ca (g kg−1) | 8.40 | 6.96 | 7.48 | 10.1 | 8.29 | |||
M3-Mg (g kg−1) | 5.45 | 4.52 | 4.42 | 5.76 | 4.19 | |||
Total P (g kg−1) | 9.28 | 11.6 | 13.4 | 20.9 | 19.8 | |||
Total K (g kg−1) | 24.0 | 28.8 | 33.4 | 49.4 | 47.9 | |||
Total Ca (g kg−1) | 17.8 | 22.8 | 26.2 | 40.3 | 38.3 | |||
Total Mg (g kg−1) | 6.14 | 7.45 | 8.73 | 13.8 | 13.0 | |||
C% | 36.4 | 39.1 | 41.0 | 46.4 | 46.3 | |||
N% | 3.17 | 3.19 | 3.53 | 3.55 | 3.39 | |||
H% | 5.42 | 5.11 | 4.89 | 2.74 | 2.65 | |||
O% | 41.5 | 39.1 | 34.6 | 17.4 | 17.1 | |||
S% | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.18 | 1.84 | 1.82 | |||
(O+N)/C atomic ratio | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.34 | |||
O/C atomic ratio | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||
H/C atomic ratio | 1.79 | 1.57 | 1.43 | 0.71 | 0.69 | |||
C Type (%) Distribution of C Chemical Shift (ppm) (Integrated Results of Solid-State 13C NMR Spectra) | Raw | P2 | P4 | P6 | ||||
Paraffinic C (0–50 ppm) | 12 | 14 | 20 | 25 | ||||
Substituted aliphatic C including alcohol, amines, carbohydrates, ethers, and methyl and acetal C (50–109 ppm) | 76 | 71 | 57 | 17 | ||||
Aromatic C (109–145 ppm) | 4.4 | 5.7 | 11 | 35 | ||||
Phenolic C (145–163 ppm) | 3.7 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 10 | ||||
Carboxyl C (163–190 ppm) | 3.5 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.9 | ||||
Carbonyl C (190–220 ppm) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 7.8 | ||||
Aliphatic C 5 | 88 | 85 | 77 | 42 | ||||
Polar C 5 | 84 | 80 | 69 | 40 | ||||
Aliphatic polar C 5 | 76 | 71 | 57 | 17 |
Treatment 2 | Labile C Pool | Resistant C Pool | Rsqr | Adj Rsqr | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl (%) | kl (% d−1) | t1/2 (d) | MRT (d) | Cr (%) | kr (% d−1) | t1/2 (Year) | MRT (Year) | |||
Control | 3.75 | 0.08 | 9 | 12 | 95.9 | -- 3 | -- | -- | 0.962 | 0.939 |
P2-1 | 5.41 | 0.24 | 3 | 4 | 94.6 | 0.0005 | 4 | 5 | 0.998 | 0.997 |
P2-5 | 15.0 | 0.32 | 2 | 3 | 84.9 | 0.0014 | 1 | 2 | 0.996 | 0.994 |
P2-10 | 22.0 | 0.28 | 2 | 4 | 78.1 | 0.0015 | 1 | 2 | 0.995 | 0.992 |
P3-1 | 4.22 | 0.56 | 1 | 2 | 95.7 | 0.0009 | 2 | 3 | 0.994 | 0.990 |
P3-5 | 12.9 | 0.37 | 2 | 3 | 87.4 | 0.0012 | 2 | 2 | 0.996 | 0.993 |
P3-10 | 18.3 | 0.27 | 3 | 4 | 81.8 | 0.0014 | 1 | 2 | 0.998 | 0.997 |
P4-1 | 2.90 | 0.41 | 2 | 2 | 97.1 | 0.0006 | 3 | 5 | 0.985 | 0.976 |
P4-5 | 6.65 | 0.22 | 3 | 4 | 93.0 | 0.0006 | 3 | 5 | 0.991 | 0.986 |
P4-10 | 7.92 | 0.29 | 2 | 3 | 91.8 | 0.001 | 2 | 3 | 0.994 | 0.990 |
P5-1 | 1.82 | 0.55 | 1 | 2 | 98.2 | 0.0006 | 3 | 5 | 0.971 | 0.953 |
P5-5 | 1.99 | 0.50 | 1 | 2 | 98.0 | 0.0004 | 5 | 7 | 0.958 | 0.933 |
P5-10 | 2.05 | 0.23 | 3 | 4 | 97.8 | 0.0003 | 6 | 9 | 0.962 | 0.939 |
P6-1 | 2.05 | 0.23 | 3 | 4 | 97.8 | 0.0003 | 6 | 9 | 0.962 | 0.939 |
P6-5 | 2.55 | 0.08 | 9 | 12 | 97.0 | -- | -- | -- | 0.919 | 0.871 |
P6-10 | -- 3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Treatment 1 | Labile C Pool | Recalcitrant C Pool | C Pool (Cl+Cr)(%) | Cl (% (Cl+Cr)) | Rsqr | Adj Rsqr | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl (%) | kl (% d−1) | t1/2 (d) | MRT (d) | Cr (%) | kr (% d−1) | t1/2 (d) | MRT (d) | |||||
P2-1 | 21.7 | 0.475 | 1 | 2 | 20.3 | 0.031 | 22 | 32 | 42.0 | 51.7 | 0.992 | 0.987 |
P2-5 | 26.1 | 0.386 | 2 | 3 | 16.7 | 0.029 | 24 | 34 | 42.9 | 61.0 | 0.995 | 0.992 |
P2-10 | 29.5 | 0.321 | 2 | 3 | 16.6 | 0.026 | 27 | 38 | 46.1 | 64.0 | 0.996 | 0.993 |
P3-1 | 18.4 | 0.431 | 2 | 2 | 16.0 | 0.030 | 23 | 34 | 34.4 | 53.6 | 0.992 | 0.987 |
P3-5 | 21.4 | 0.377 | 2 | 3 | 13.4 | 0.029 | 24 | 34 | 34.8 | 61.5 | 0.995 | 0.992 |
P3-10 | 25.9 | 0.275 | 3 | 4 | 14.7 | 0.017 | 40 | 57 | 40.7 | 63.7 | 0.995 | 0.993 |
P4-1 | 7.19 | 0.569 | 1 | 2 | 12.4 | 0.025 | 28 | 40 | 19.6 | 36.7 | 0.987 | 0.980 |
P4-5 | 7.74 | 0.537 | 1 | 2 | 8.85 | 0.038 | 18 | 26 | 16.6 | 46.7 | 0.989 | 0.982 |
P4-10 | 8.85 | 0.444 | 2 | 2 | 9.25 | 0.032 | 21 | 31 | 18.1 | 48.9 | 0.993 | 0.988 |
P5-1 | 1.46 | 1.969 | 0.4 | 1 | 4.70 | 0.041 | 17 | 25 | 6.16 | 23.7 | 0.976 | 0.961 |
P5-5 | 1.22 | 1.182 | 1 | 1 | 2.76 | 0.037 | 20 | 29 | 3.98 | 30.6 | 0.965 | 0.944 |
P5-10 | 1.33 | 1.273 | 1 | 1 | 3.09 | 0.035 | 19 | 27 | 4.42 | 30.0 | 0.969 | 0.950 |
P6-1 | 0.75 | 2.054 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 3.29 | 0.037 | 19 | 27 | 4.04 | 18.6 | 0.984 | 0.975 |
P6-5 | 0.62 | 2.195 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.60 | 0.021 | 34 | 49 | 3.22 | 19.3 | 0.968 | 0.948 |
P6-10 | 0.59 | 1.480 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.85 | 0.028 | 25 | 36 | 2.45 | 24.2 | 0.967 | 0.946 |
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Tsai, C.-C.; Chang, Y.-F. Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091692
Tsai C-C, Chang Y-F. Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization. Agronomy. 2021; 11(9):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091692
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Chen-Chi, and Yu-Fang Chang. 2021. "Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization" Agronomy 11, no. 9: 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091692