Evaluation of Advanced Backcrosses of Eggplant with Solanum elaeagnifolium Introgressions under Low N Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Genotyping
2.3. Cultivation Conditions
2.4. Traits Evaluated
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. QTL Detection
3. Results
3.1. Genomic Characterization
3.2. Traits Evaluated
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. Correlations among Traits in the ABs
3.5. QTL Detection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Abbreviation | Units |
---|---|---|
Plant traits | ||
SPAD | SPAD | - |
Plant height | P-Height | cm |
Aerial biomass | P-Biomass | kg FW a |
Stem diameter | P-Diam | mm |
Prickles in stem | P-StPrick | 0 (absence); 1 (presence) |
Prickles in leaf | P-LeafPrick | 0 (absence); 1 (presence) |
Yield | Yield | g plant−1 |
Nitrogen Use Efficiency | NUE | - |
Fruit traits | ||
Fruit pedicel length | F-PedLength | mm |
Fruit calyx length | F-CaLength | mm |
Fruit length | F-Length | mm |
Fruit width | F-Width | mm |
Prickles in calyx | F-CalPrick | 0 (absence); 1 (presence) |
Total number of fruits per plant | F-Number | - |
Fruit mean weight | F-Weight | g |
Composition traits | ||
Nitrogen content in leaf | N-Leaf | g kg−1 DM b |
Carbon content in leaf | C-Leaf | g kg−1 DM |
Nitrogen content in fruit | N-Fruit | g kg−1 DM |
Carbon content in fruit | C-Fruit | g kg−1 DM |
Total phenolics content | TPC | g kg−1 FW |
Chlorogenic acid content | CGA | g kg−1 FW |
Total phenolic acid peaks area | TP-Area | units |
Chlorogenic acid peak area | CGA-Area | % |
Phenolic acids pattern | TP-Pattern | 0 (S. melongena pattern); 1 (S. elaeagnifolium pattern) |
Trait | S. elaeagnifolium (n = 5) | S. melongena (n = 4) | BC2 (n = 5) | BC3 (n = 51) | H2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Range | CV (%) | Mean | Range | CV (%) | Mean | Range | CV (%) | Mean | Range | CV (%) | ||
Plant traits | |||||||||||||
SPAD | 63.7 b | 55.8–71.0 | 9.1 | 46.6 a | 44.0–47.9 | 3.9 | 44.2 a | 41.1–48.1 | 6.1 | 44.7 a | 37.0–56.9 | 9.0 | 0.79 |
P-Height (cm) | 58.8 a | 50.0–65.0 | 9.3 | 92.3 b | 79.0–107.0 | 12.8 | 102.2 b | 90.0–130.0 | 16.3 | 85.4 b | 47.0–136.0 | 24.5 | 0.68 |
P-Biomass (kg FW) | 0.27 a | 0.16–0.40 | 35.4 | 1.32 b | 0.85–2.03 | 38.2 | 1.59 b | 0.51–3.80 | 80.7 | 1.42 b | 0.18–4.96 | 76.0 | 0.78 |
P-Diam (mm) | 10.5 a | 9.1–11.9 | 10.9 | 27.4 b | 19.3–35.4 | 25.4 | 26.3 b | 17.9–36.3 | 28.8 | 24.6 b | 11.0–46.2 | 30.9 | 0.15 |
P-StPrick | 1.0 b | 1.0–1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 a | 0–0 | 0.0 | 0.4 a | 0–1 | 136.9 | 0.2 a | 0–1 | 234.1 | 1.00 |
P-LeafPrick | 0.0 | 0–0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0–0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0–1 | 223.6 | 0.2 | 0–1 | 234.1 | 1.00 |
Yield (g) | 52.9 a | 12.0–114.0 | 83.6 | 2891 b | 1925–4020 | 32.5 | 1258 b | 469.0–2941.0 | 79.4 | 2059 b | 124.0–8109.0 | 87.1 | 0.71 |
NUE | 10.3 a | 1.9–22.3 | 85.1 | 325.8 b | 205.6–483.2 | 37.1 | 200.5 b | 67.8–533.1 | 94.4 | 272.7 b | 37.4–1019.3 | 82.3 | 0.70 |
Fruit traits | |||||||||||||
F-PedLength (mm) | 21.3 a | 20.5–22.5 | 4.1 | 58.2 c | 52.6–61.5 | 6.8 | 28.4 ab | 20.1–35.7 | 22.8 | 38.4 b | 17.2–63.7 | 30.8 | 0.89 |
F-CaLength (mm) | 12.2 a | 11.4–13.2 | 6.4 | 52.5 c | 49.2–56.7 | 5.9 | 29.8 b | 24.3–34.9 | 15.4 | 36.1 b | 20.2–52.6 | 23.8 | 0.87 |
F-Length (mm) | 10.3 a | 9.1–11.3 | 9.2 | 94.8 c | 86.4–101.1 | 6.6 | 54.0 b | 38.1–71.9 | 23.0 | 66.1 b | 24.5–113.2 | 29.9 | 0.90 |
F-Width (mm) | 10.1 a | 8.9–11.4 | 10.7 | 45.8 c | 41.8–53.9 | 12.0 | 29.9 b | 22.6–37.7 | 23.0 | 36.0 b | 18.9–50.5 | 19.6 | 0.42 |
F-CalPrick | 1.0 b | 1.0–1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 a | 0.0–0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 a | 0–1 | 136.9 | 0.2 a | 0–1 | 218.2 | 1.00 |
F-Number | 82.8 | 23.0–165.0 | 81.1 | 48.5 | 38.0–57.0 | 20.5 | 57.2 | 39.0–87.0 | 36.2 | 56.8 | 18.0–132.0 | 46.1 | 0.85 |
F-Weight (g) | 0.61 a | 0.46–0.82 | 23.1 | 60.98 c | 33.77–77.79 | 31.6 | 20.03 b | 11.44–33.8 | 46.5 | 33.35 b | 5.29–65.88 | 47.5 | 0.57 |
Composition traits | |||||||||||||
N-Leaf (g/kg DM) | 45.0 a | 38.9–48.8 | 8.4 | 52.9 b | 49.4–54.7 | 4.5 | 53.1 b | 50.0–54.7 | 3.5 | 52.5 b | 45.0–58.2 | 5.3 | 0.24 |
C-Leaf (g/kg DM) | 439.8 a | 435.0–446.0 | 1.0 | 443.3 a | 439.0–448.0 | 0.8 | 446.0 a | 437.0–453.0 | 1.6 | 455.5 b | 423.0–469.0 | 1.7 | 0.78 |
N-Fruit (g/kg DM) | 26.4 | 24.2–30.3 | 9.2 | 24.6 | 22.9–25.5 | 4.9 | 29.3 | 24.6–33.9 | 13.2 | 25.7 | 19.2–40.9 | 15.5 | 0.91 |
C-Fruit (g/kg DM) | 465.8 b | 461–472 | 1.0 | 428.3 a | 425–430 | 0.5 | 456.8 b | 438–477 | 3.1 | 435.7 a | 384–479 | 3.7 | 0.98 |
TPC (g/kg FW) | 6.12 c | 4.1–7.44 | 20.9 | 1.99 a | 1.7–2.34 | 16.7 | 4.09 b | 3.62–5.0 | 13.4 | 2.76 a | 1.48–5.75 | 30.8 | 0.86 |
CGA (g/kg FW) | 2.53 | 1.79–3.41 | 22.8 | 1.78 | 1.61–2.09 | 12.1 | 2.53 | 1.44–3.74 | 32.5 | 2.27 | 1.02–5.02 | 32.8 | 0.92 |
TP-Area (units) | 32,931 b | 31,290–34,898 | 3.9 | 17,603 a | 15,639–20,419 | 12.1 | 22,874 a | 19,472–28,816 | 17.2 | 20,014 a | 11,517–32,806 | 24.2 | 0.80 |
CGA-Area (%) | 31.4 a | 27.5–34.8 | 8.3 | 80.4 b | 76.7–81.5 | 1.0 | 67.8 b | 49.1–85.6 | 21.7 | 78.2 b | 49.1–88.4 | 11.7 | 0.99 |
TP-Pattern | 1.0 c | 1.0–1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 a | 0.0–0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 bc | 0–1 | 91.3 | 0.2 ab | 0–1 | 192.6 | 1.00 |
Trait | QTL | Chr. | Position (Mb.) | Heterozygous Allelic Effect (Units) | LOD Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant traits | |||||
Stem diameter (P-Diam) | pd4 | 4 | 21.09–68.11 | −8.9 (mm) | 5.82 |
Prickles in stem (P-StPrick) | ps6 | 6 | 105.06–105.56 | 0.91 | 11.10 |
Prickles in leaf (P-LeafPrick) | pl6 | 6 | 105.06–105.56 | 0.82 | 33.08 |
Fruit traits | |||||
Fruit width (F-Width) | fw7 | 7 | 0–0.52 | −9.5 (mm) | 6.12 |
Prickles in fruit calyx (F-CalPrick) | pc6 | 6 | 105.06–105.56 | 0.89 | 447.96 |
Composition traits | |||||
Chlorogenic acid content (CGA) | cg5 | 5 | 3.94–4.49 | 2.26 (g kg−1 DM) | 7.15 |
Total phenolic acid peaks area (TP-Area) | ph6 | 6 | 99.76–100.78 | 5105 | 5.20 |
Chlorogenic acid peak area (CGA-Area) | ca1 | 1 | 1.05–1.42 | −20.1 (%) | 19.13 |
Phenolic acids pattern (TP-Pattern) | cp1 | 1 | 1.05–1.42 | 0.88 | 416.14 |
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Villanueva, G.; Rosa-Martínez, E.; Şahin, A.; García-Fortea, E.; Plazas, M.; Prohens, J.; Vilanova, S. Evaluation of Advanced Backcrosses of Eggplant with Solanum elaeagnifolium Introgressions under Low N Conditions. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091770
Villanueva G, Rosa-Martínez E, Şahin A, García-Fortea E, Plazas M, Prohens J, Vilanova S. Evaluation of Advanced Backcrosses of Eggplant with Solanum elaeagnifolium Introgressions under Low N Conditions. Agronomy. 2021; 11(9):1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091770
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillanueva, Gloria, Elena Rosa-Martínez, Ahmet Şahin, Edgar García-Fortea, Mariola Plazas, Jaime Prohens, and Santiago Vilanova. 2021. "Evaluation of Advanced Backcrosses of Eggplant with Solanum elaeagnifolium Introgressions under Low N Conditions" Agronomy 11, no. 9: 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091770