Mentha aquatica L. Populations from the Hyrcanian Hotspot: Volatile Oil Profiles and Morphological Diversity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Morphological Trait Analysis
2.3. Phytochemical Analysis
2.3.1. Essential Oil (EO) Extraction
2.3.2. GC–MS Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Trait Diversity
3.2. Essential Oil Concentration (EOC)
3.3. Correlations between Morphological Traits
3.4. Essential Oil Constituents
3.5. Cluster Analysis for Morphological Traits
3.6. Cluster Analysis for Essential Oil Constituents
3.7. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Morphological Traits
3.8. PCA for Essential Oil Constituents
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Region | Sample Code | Longitude (N) | Latitude (E) | Elevation (m asl) | Average Annual Rainfall (mm) | Average Annual Temperature (°C) | Average Annual Relative Humidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abbas abad-Mazandaran | AA.M | 51°05′43.2″ | 36°43′51.8″ | −14 | 1125 | 18 | 80 |
2 | Savadkuh-Mazandaran | AS.M | 52°54′22.30″ | 36°05′10.0″ | 934 | 532 | 11.1 | 67 |
3 | Behshahr-Mazandaran | ABh.M | 53°35′43.95″ | 36°39′52.55″ | 370 | 630 | 17.5 | 75 |
4 | Chalous-Mazandaran | CH.M | 51°23′00.40″ | 36°36′16.00″ | 130 | 630 | 17.67 | 78 |
5 | Aliabad Katol-Golestan | FAA.G | 54°48′57.9″ | 36°44′59.7″ | 855 | 714 | 17.7 | 75 |
6 | Fouman 1-Gilan | FM.G1 | 49°14′06.6″ | 37°12′34.79″ | 117 | 1023 | 15.91 | 74 |
7 | Fouman 2-Gilan | FM.G2 | 49°11′54.1″ | 37°11′42.8″ | 133 | 1023 | 15.8 | 78 |
8 | Fouman 3-Gilan | FM.G3 | 49°10′53.7″ | 37°11′09.8″ | 169 | 1030 | 15.6 | 79 |
9 | Fouman 4-Gilan | FM.G4 | 49°09′01.8″ | 37°10′41.8″ | 209 | 1040 | 15.2 | 80 |
10 | Ramsar-Mazandaran | JR.M | 50°39′33.6″ | 36°49′8.2″ | 741 | 775 | 17.3 | 80 |
11 | Kelardasht-Mazandaran | KD.M | 51°09′30.5″ | 36°34′26.50″ | 1053 | 589 | 13.4 | 55 |
12 | Niloo-Gilan | NR.G | 50°14′40.3″ | 36°53′49.00″ | 616 | 926 | 15.1 | 73 |
13 | Rahim abad-Gilan | RA.G | 50°18′07.7″ | 37°00′12.00″ | 102 | 870 | 15.8 | 80 |
14 | Rudsar-Gilan | RS.G | 50°18′32.6″ | 37°07′21.8″ | −14 | 823 | 16.6 | 80 |
15 | Amol-Mazandaran | ZA.M | 52°21′34.5″ | 36°19′46.30″ | 311 | 671 | 17.5 | 78 |
Trait | Ecotypes | Error | % CV |
---|---|---|---|
Plant height | 543.00 * | 167.00 | 18.47 |
Plant width | 408.00 * | 69.00 | 21.27 |
Plant length/width ratio | 0.62 * | 0.19 | 18.17 |
Stem diameter | 0.01 * | 0.02 | 16.48 |
Internode length | 1.64 ** | 1.35 | 18.38 |
Branches number | 25.42 * | 4.90 | 21.49 |
Lateral branch length | 613.64 * | 82.41 | 27.74 |
Collar diameter | 2.16 ** | 0.11 | 6.32 |
Leaf length | 0.47 * | 0.83 | 19.76 |
Leaf width | 0.003 * | 0.001 | 10.05 |
Inflorescence length | 0.04 ** | 0.005 | 12.67 |
Inflorescence width | 0.08 ** | 0.002 | 14.47 |
Flowers number in inflorescence | 0.04 * | 0.019 | 9.46 |
Corolla length | 0.83 * | 0.39 | 12.47 |
Corolla width | 0.40 * | 0.12 | 13.34 |
Calyx width | 1.61 ** | 0.09 | 10.44 |
Calyx length | 0.08 * | 0.034 | 18.25 |
Leaf length/width ratio | 0.06 * | 0.132 | 21.98 |
Leaf width in lateral branches | 0.15 * | 0.108 | 12.41 |
Leaf length in lateral branches | 0.08 * | 0.032 | 12.26 |
Inflorescences number | 352.00 ** | 6.50 | 16.33 |
Plant dry weight | 342.00 ** | 27.50 | 12.45 |
NO | Compound | RI | Abbas abad-Mazandaran | Savadkuh-Mazandaran | Behshahr-Mazandaran | Chalous-Mazandaran | Aliabad Katol-Golestan | Fouman 1-Gilan | Fouman 2-Gilan | Fouman 3-Gilan | Fouman 4-Gilan | Ramsar-Mazandaran | Kelardasht-Mazandaran | Niloo-Gilan | Rahim abad-Gilan | Rudsar-Gilan | Amol-Mazandaran |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-Pinene | 932 | 1.72 | 0.90 | 1.58 | 1.68 | 1.35 | 1.91 | 1.80 | 0.76 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 1.26 | 1.49 | 1.91 | 1.23 | 1.68 |
2 | Sabinene | 969 | 1.37 | 0.69 | 1.26 | 1.30 | 1.35 | 1.22 | 1.58 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.49 | 0.59 | 0.97 |
3 | β-Pinene | 974 | 3.06 | 1.70 | 2.91 | 3.42 | 2.54 | 2.89 | 2.89 | 1.85 | 3.03 | 2.87 | 2.45 | 2.77 | 3.45 | 1.70 | 2.59 |
4 | β-Myrcene | 988 | 0.99 | 0.23 | 1.50 | 1.04 | - | - | 0.95 | 0.79 | 1.18 | 0.78 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.41 | 1.00 |
5 | n-Decane | 1000 | 1.82 | 2.08 | 2.01 | 2.06 | 2.75 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 1.54 | 2.63 | 2.18 | 2.05 | 1.91 | 1.86 | 2.57 | 2.21 |
6 | p-Cymene | 1022 | 1.74 | 2.09 | 4.77 | 1.94 | 2.86 | 4.60 | 4.60 | 1.55 | 3.11 | 2.98 | 3.16 | 3.17 | 2.16 | 2.49 | 3.83 |
7 | 1,8-Cineole | 1026 | 22.55 | 13.85 | 23.09 | 25.69 | 17.64 | 21.11 | 21.11 | 14.86 | 21.19 | 21.42 | 18.12 | 19.8 | 26.1 | 12.42 | 18.57 |
8 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | 1032 | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
9 | cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1065 | - | - | - | 0.22 | - | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.25 | - | - | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.31 |
10 | Terpinolene | 1086 | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.34 | 0.5 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.72 |
11 | Linalool | 1095 | 0.46 | 0 | 0.16 | 0.22 | - | - | - | 0.23 | - | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.4 | - | 0.56 | 0.29 |
12 | Menthofuran | 1159 | 19.88 | 52.46 | 39.85 | 21.81 | 42.38 | 28.14 | 28.14 | 13.21 | 33.25 | 33.87 | 46.34 | 43.54 | 36.9 | 18.61 | 38.93 |
13 | Menthol | 1167 | 2.80 | 0 | 0 | 1.73 | 0.48 | 1.4 | 1.40 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.23 | 1.95 | 0.61 |
14 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1174 | 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
15 | α-Terpineol | 1186 | - | 0.20 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | 0.25 | - | 0 | 0.22 | - | - | - | - |
16 | Nerol | 1227 | - | 0.34 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.93 | - | 0.68 | 0.30 | - | 0.27 | - | 0.31 |
17 | Carvone | 1239 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.17 | - | - | - | - | - |
18 | Linalyl acetate | 1258 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
19 | Lavandulyl acetate | 1288 | 2.18 | - | 0.28 | 0.86 | - | - | - | 1.55 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 3.06 | 0.66 |
20 | Menthyl acetate | 1294 | 1.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.44 | - | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.51 | - | 1.54 | 0.23 |
21 | Neryl acetate | 1361 | 1.01 | 4.52 | 1.12 | 2.21 | 2.5 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 4.95 | 2.17 | 2.58 | 2.71 | 1.78 | 1.49 | 1.11 | 2.3 |
22 | Geranyl acetate | 1381 | 0.89 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.2 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.80 | - |
23 | (E)-Caryophyllene | 1417 | 7.72 | 5.12 | 5.35 | 9.75 | 8.33 | 8.46 | 8.46 | 13.46 | 8.26 | 4.29 | 3.18 | 5.09 | 4.87 | 15.43 | 9.03 |
24 | α-Humulene | 1452 | 0.85 | 0.36 | - | 1.29 | 0.67 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 2.06 | 1.17 | 0.63 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.40 | 2.41 | 0.61 |
25 | trans-β-Farnesene | 1456 | 0.22 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
26 | Germacrene D | 1484 | 8.29 | 2.02 | 3.67 | 5.23 | 3.29 | 7.67 | 7.67 | 4.41 | 4.20 | 1.81 | 1.78 | 2.44 | 2.12 | 7.76 | 1.7 |
27 | Elemol | 1548 | - | 0.84 | - | - | - | 0.36 | - | 1.85 | - | - | 0.41 | - | - | 0.32 | 0.42 |
28 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 1.02 | 1.33 | 0.51 | 1.62 | 1.50 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 4.96 | 1.18 | 1.86 | 0.98 | 0.63 | 0.78 | 2.31 | 2.08 |
29 | Viridiflorol | 1592 | 8.90 | 1.04 | 2.05 | 6.81 | 2.80 | 2.45 | 2.45 | 11.16 | 2.16 | 3.8 | 1.98 | 2.16 | 2.47 | 7.66 | 0.79 |
Total | 89.37 | 90.86 | 92 | 90.23 | 91.33 | 86.01 | 86.85 | 84.44 | 89.18 | 85.58 | 89.85 | 90.8 | 88.89 | 86.16 | 90.12 |
Factor | Eigenvalues | Changes (%) | Cumulative Percentage of Changes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.88 | 31.31 | 31.31 |
2 | 3.75 | 17.06 | 48.37 |
3 | 2.58 | 11.73 | 60.11 |
4 | 2.19 | 9.96 | 70.08 |
5 | 1.85 | 8.44 | 78.52 |
6 | 1.44 | 6.55 | 85.07 |
7 | 1.21 | 5.52 | 90.60 |
Component | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCA 1 | PCA 2 | PCA 3 | PCA 4 | PCA 5 | PCA 6 | PCA 7 | |
Plant height | 0.713 | −0.333 | 0.91 | −0.065 | 0.395 | 0.167 | 0.254 |
Plant width | 0.860 | −0.220 | −0.261 | 0.223 | 0.089 | 0.229 | −0.109 |
Plant length/width ratio | −0.703 | −0.066 | 0.443 | −0.220 | 0.309 | −0.202 | 0.290 |
Stem diameter | 0.499 | 0.400 | 0.281 | 0. 108 | −0.448 | 0.410 | 0.197 |
Internode length | 0.174 | −0.608 | −0.100 | −0.016 | 0.358 | 0.262 | 0.418 |
Number of branches | 0.865 | 0.053 | −0.285 | 0.139 | 0.050 | −0.250 | −0.108 |
Lateral branch length | 0.711 | −0.232 | −0.327 | −0.140 | 0.303 | 0.335 | −0.201 |
Collar diameter | 0.410 | 0.018 | 0.514 | 0.422 | −0.377 | 0.074 | 0.009 |
Leaf length in sub-branch | 0.457 | −0.093 | 0.224 | 0.768 | 0.258 | −0.137 | −0.068 |
Leaf width in sub-branch | 0.355 | 0.509 | −0.464 | 0.362 | 0.370 | −0.227 | −0.187 |
Leaf length/width ratio | 0.165 | −0.465 | 0.601 | 0.460 | 0.014 | 0.116 | 0.008 |
Leaf length in lateral branches | 0.423 | −0.552 | −0.177 | −0.243 | 0.228 | −0.401 | 0.410 |
Leaf width in lateral branches | 0.540 | −0.588 | −0.219 | 0.276 | −0.373 | −0.164 | 0.142 |
Inflorescence number | 0.640 | 0.473 | 0.420 | −0.012 | 0.118 | −0.231 | 0.155 |
Inflorescence length | 0.782 | 0.385 | −0.004 | −0.358 | −0.063 | 0.056 | −0.041 |
Inflorescence width | 0.742 | 0.096 | 0.087 | −0.571 | −0.162 | −0.030 | 0.013 |
Flower number in inflorescence | 0.038 | −0.166 | 0.798 | −0.114 | 0.363 | −0.031 | −0.168 |
Corolla length | −0.169 | 0.727 | −0.148 | 0.092 | 0.291 | 0.341 | 0.316 |
Corolla diameter | 0.142 | 0.598 | 0.259 | 0.030 | 0.557 | 0.133 | −0.189 |
Calyx length | −0.018 | 0.635 | −0.198 | 0.329 | −0.098 | 0.035 | 0.605 |
Calyx diameter | 0.609 | 0.408 | 0.186 | −0.081 | −0.097 | −0.628 | 0.087 |
Plant dry weight | 0.795 | 0.055 | 0.289 | −0.448 | −0.122 | 0.206 | 0.013 |
Component | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCA1 | PCA2 | PCA3 | PCA4 | PCA5 | PCA6 | PCA7 | PCA8 | |
a-pinene | −0.625 | 0.678 | 0.131 | 0.268 | 0.086 | −0.032 | 0.074 | 0.103 |
sabinene | −0.590 | 0.446 | 0.494 | −0.013 | −0.281 | 0.022 | 0.006 | 0.047 |
β-pinene | −0.597 | 0.545 | 0.479 | 0.262 | 0.006 | −0.020 | −0.045 | 0.018 |
β-myrcene | −0.165 | 0.135 | 0.460 | 0.075 | 0.662 | 0.343 | −0.224 | −0.123 |
n-decane | −0.274 | 0.165 | −0.811 | 0.042 | −0.124 | −0.091 | 0.160 | 0.085 |
p-cymene | −0.599 | 0.103 | −0.229 | −0.083 | 0.165 | 0.499 | 0.384 | 0.161 |
1,8-cineole | −0.568 | 0.473 | 0.588 | 0.212 | 0.024 | 0.027 | −0.069 | 0.091 |
(Z)-β-ocimene | 0.241 | 0.334 | 0 | 0.710 | 0.114 | 0.258 | 0 | 0 |
cis-sabinene hydrate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.332 | 0.016 | 0 | 0.224 |
terpinolene | −0.219 | −0.101 | −0.826 | 0.001 | 0.332 | 0.016 | −0.068 | 0.224 |
linalool | 0.488 | 0.259 | −0.041 | −0.318 | 0.622 | −0.281 | −0.165 | −0.076 |
menthofuran | −0.709 | −0.576 | −0.180 | −0.199 | 0.014 | −0.149 | −0.131 | −0.220 |
menthol | 0.489 | 0.811 | 0.010 | −0.093 | −0.020 | −0.059 | 0.109 | −0.257 |
terpinene-4-ol | 0.196 | 0.343 | 0.489 | 0.154 | 0.432 | 0.010 | 0.441 | −0.200 |
α-terpineol | 0.196 | 0.234 | 0.489 | 0.154 | 0.432 | 0.010 | 0.441 | 0 |
nerol | 0.441 | −0.630 | 0.359 | 0.293 | 0.185 | −0.227 | 0.175 | 0.205 |
carvone | 0 | 0 | 0.167 | 0.046 | 0.392 | 0 | 0.510 | 0.391 |
linalyl acetate | 0.735 | −0.366 | 0.354 | 0.237 | −0.107 | 0.263 | 0.062 | 0.115 |
lavandulyl acetate | 0.764 | 0.407 | −0.120 | −0.122 | 0.273 | −0.143 | −0.321 | 0.118 |
menthyl acetate | 0.651 | 0.410 | −0.221 | −0.340 | 0.274 | −0.229 | −0.263 | −0.013 |
neryl acetate | 0.417 | −0.819 | 0.112 | 0.165 | −0.060 | −0.134 | 0.037 | −0.177 |
geranyl acetate | 0.729 | 0.524 | 0.056 | −0.272 | −0.259 | 0.027 | 0.096 | −0.003 |
(E)-caryophyllene | 0.757 | 0.297 | −0.389 | 0.225 | −0.111 | 0.266 | −0.010 | 0.183 |
a-humulene | 0.836 | 0.293 | −0.270 | 0.243 | −0.068 | 0.052 | 0.073 | 0.119 |
trans-β-farnesene | 0.836 | 0.293 | 0 | 0.243 | 0 | 0.052 | 0.073 | 0.119 |
germacrene D | 0.380 | 0.758 | −0.093 | −0.200 | −0.257 | 0.274 | 0.219 | 0.025 |
elemol | 0.711 | −0.584 | 0.099 | 0.147 | −0.105 | 0.220 | 0.075 | −0.045 |
caryophyllene oxide | 0.833 | −0.349 | 0.033 | 0.315 | 0.074 | 0.006 | 0.035 | 0.167 |
viridiflorol | 0.880 | 0.288 | 0.0294 | −0.056 | −0.038 | −0.034 | −0.037 | 0.122 |
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Hassanpouraghdam, M.B.; Mohammadzadeh, A.; Morshedloo, M.R.; Asadi, M.; Rasouli, F.; Vojodi Mehrabani, L.; Najda, A. Mentha aquatica L. Populations from the Hyrcanian Hotspot: Volatile Oil Profiles and Morphological Diversity. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102277
Hassanpouraghdam MB, Mohammadzadeh A, Morshedloo MR, Asadi M, Rasouli F, Vojodi Mehrabani L, Najda A. Mentha aquatica L. Populations from the Hyrcanian Hotspot: Volatile Oil Profiles and Morphological Diversity. Agronomy. 2022; 12(10):2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102277
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassanpouraghdam, Mohammad Bagher, Ahmad Mohammadzadeh, Mohammad Reza Morshedloo, Mohammad Asadi, Farzad Rasouli, Lamia Vojodi Mehrabani, and Agnieszka Najda. 2022. "Mentha aquatica L. Populations from the Hyrcanian Hotspot: Volatile Oil Profiles and Morphological Diversity" Agronomy 12, no. 10: 2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102277