Laboratory and Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate ICIPE 41 for Sustainable Control of the Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Insects
2.3. Fungal Isolate Culture, Viability and Suspension Preparation
2.4. Formulation of the Fungal Isolate Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 41
2.5. Pathogenicity of the Formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 41 against Second Instar of FAW in the Laboratory
2.6. Field Experiments
2.6.1. Mazao Achieve® Biopesticide
2.6.2. Field Site
2.6.3. Treatments and Experimental Layout
2.7. Assessment of FAW Adults before Treatment Application
2.7.1. Assessment of FAW Damage and Larval Mortality Induced by Corn Oil Formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 41
2.7.2. Conidial Persistence Assessment under Field Conditions
2.7.3. Effect of Different Treatments against FAW-Associated Parasitoids in Field
2.8. Maize Grain Yield
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pathogenicity of the various Metarhizium Anisopliae ICIPE 41 Formulations against Second-Instar FAW in the Laboratory
3.2. Assessment of the Effect of FAW Sex Pheromone Traps on the Population of FAW Moths
3.3. Fall Armyworm Larval Incidence and Damage in the Field
3.4. Cumulated Mortality of Collected Second-Instar FAW in the various Field Treatments after Applications
3.5. Conidial Persistence Assessment after Application
3.6. Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Parasitoids Emergence
3.7. Maize Grain Yield
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Formulation | Larval Cumulated Mortality (%) | Lethal Time 50% (LT50) (Days) ± SE |
---|---|---|
Canola oil-formulated M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 76.0 ± 6.4 b | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) a |
Corn oil-formulated M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 72.5 ± 5.5 b | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) a |
Olive oil-formulated M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 70.4 ± 6.6 b | 2.5 (2.0–2.9) a |
Aqueous-formulated M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 15.2 ± 2.8 a | 8.1 (6.5–0.6) a |
Treatments | Percentage of FAW Moths | |
---|---|---|
Migori | Mbita | |
Spinetoram pesticide | 0.00 d | 0.00 d |
Corn oil formulation of M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 79.25 ± 11.85 b | 92.76 ± 7.83 b |
Mazao Achieve® | 32.10 ± 8.49 c | 37.50 ± 9.15 c |
Control | 88.00 ± 12.21 a | 95.50 ± 5.45 a |
Treatments | FAW Damage per Plant (%) | |
---|---|---|
Migori | Mbita | |
Spinetoram pesticide | 2.2 ± 0.7 a | 2.4 ± 0.6 a |
Corn oil formulation of M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 13.3 ± 2.0 b | 12.0 ± 2.8 b |
Mazao Achieve® | 36.1 ± 5.5 c | 35.1 ± 5.0 c |
Control | 75.7 ± 8.3 d | 71.7 ± 7.3 d |
Treatments | % FAW Larvae Mortality | % Mycosis | Lethal Time 50% ± SE |
---|---|---|---|
Migori | |||
Spinetoram-based pesticide | 96.1 ± 2.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 3.8 (3.80–3.90) b |
Mazao Achieve® | 73.0 ± 1.3 c | 30.0 ± 0.7 b | 5.1 (5.12–5.26) a |
Corn oil formulation of M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 81.3 ± 2.6 b | 70.0 ± 0.5 a | 5.2 (5.22–5.32) a |
Control | - | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | - |
Mbita | |||
Spinetoram-based pesticide | 98.7 ± 1.3 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 3.8 (3.80–3.88) b |
Mazao Achive® | 74.3 ± 2.5 c | 25.0 ± 0.4 b | 4.7 (4.70–4.82) a |
Corn oil formulation of M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 83.6 ± 1.5 b | 66.3 ± 0.7 a | 4.6 (4.56–4.68) a |
Control | - | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | - |
Treatments | Percentage of Cotesia icipe Emerged | |
---|---|---|
Migori | Mbita | |
Spinetoram pesticide | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Corn oil formulation of M. anisopliae ICIPE 41 | 9.25 ± 0.85 b | 11.00 ± 1.83 b |
Mazao Achive® | 2.00 ± 0.49 c | 2.50 ± 0.15 c |
Control | 10.00 ± 0.71 a | 14.75 ± 1.25 a |
χ2 | 1.71 | 3.13 |
Df | 3 | 3 |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
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Munywoki, J.; Omosa, L.K.; Subramanian, S.; Mfuti, D.K.; Njeru, E.M.; Nchiozem-Ngnitedem, V.-A.; Akutse, K.S. Laboratory and Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate ICIPE 41 for Sustainable Control of the Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Agronomy 2022, 12, 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112636
Munywoki J, Omosa LK, Subramanian S, Mfuti DK, Njeru EM, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem V-A, Akutse KS. Laboratory and Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate ICIPE 41 for Sustainable Control of the Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Agronomy. 2022; 12(11):2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112636
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunywoki, Joseph, Leonidah Kerubo Omosa, Sevgan Subramanian, David Kupesa Mfuti, Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru, Vaderament-A. Nchiozem-Ngnitedem, and Komivi Senyo Akutse. 2022. "Laboratory and Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate ICIPE 41 for Sustainable Control of the Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Agronomy 12, no. 11: 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112636